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In order to model a real system, differential equations are usually derived, which are based on physical principles. When modelling a characteristic hysteresis, the mathematical equations are also based on the physics underlying hysteresis, but they are nonlinear effects. Therefore, a different approach is taken in the modelling. A measurement is used as the basis for modelling. This means that a specific measurement curve that determines the ...

The multicopters are particularly suitable for dealing with the topics of telemetry or photo flights with UAV, Unmanned Air Vehicles. They allow to float in one place. This also enables a particularly good data transfer to the ground. In addition, very good pictures can be taken and transmitted in this way. This publication deals with the transmission of telemetry and image data with an octocopter and their visualization at a ground station, u...

This booklet introduces the most important basics of deep learning. It describes the very frequently used method of how a computer can learn using neural networks and training data and apply what it has learned to other questions similar to the training data. Two simple about 'one-pager' examples in Python show how training a neural network with forward and back propagation works and how the trained system can process simple forms of artificia...

Deep Learning ist ein Teilgebiet des Machine Learning. Es beschreibt die sehr häufig eingesetzte Methode, wie ein Computer mithilfe von Neuronalen Netzen und Trainingsdaten lernen kann und dieses Erlernte auf weitere den Trainingsdaten ähnliche Fragestellungen anwenden kann. Das vorliegende Büchlein führt die wichtigsten Grundlagen von Deep Learning ein. Mit zwei einfachen Beispielen in Python wird darauf gezeigt, wie das Trainieren eines Neur...

Die Multicopter eignen sich besonders für die Behandlung der Themen Telemetrie oder auch Fotoflug mit UAV, Unmanned Air Vehicles. Sie erlauben es, an einem Ort zu schweben. Dies ermöglicht auch einen besonders guten Datentransfer zum Boden. Ausserdem können so auch sehr gute Bilder aufgenommen und übermittelt werden. In dieser Publikation wird die Übermittlung von Telemetrie- und Bilddaten mit einem Octocopter, sowie deren Darstellung an einer...

Für Single- In, Single- Out Systeme, SISO sind die PID- Regler die mit Abstand am häufigsten eingesetzten Regler. Insbesondere die Regelung von zeitverzögerten Systemen ist herausfordernd. Dazu werden einige heuristische Methoden angewendet, welche man im Zeit und im Frequenzbereich anwenden kann. Das sind beispielsweise diejenigen von Ziegler Nichols, Latzel, oder Chien Hrones und Reswick. Die Parameter, welche damit gefunden wurden ergeben z...

In this publication, parameter sets for PID controllers are presented, which can be used to control systems with time-delayed stable step responses. These parameter sets minimize the quality criteria in the time domain, IAE, ITAE and ISE. They also take into account the controller output limitation, which is relevant in practice. The parameter sets are scalable with the time constant and the static gain of the system. Therefore they can be us...

All in all, quadcopters would be much better accepted among model-makers if they were a little more colorful. Many pilots say, however, that all the work building a depron body would be destroyed in a rollover. However, anyone who flies quadcopters today notices that the technology has advanced so far and so safely that (semi-)scale models can be built without problems in this regard. The only problem that arises is that there are not as many ...

This booklet provides basic knowledge and assistance for the purchase of quadrocopters and a detailed flight school.It is limited to the essentials, without any ballast.Contents:- Ready-to-fly quadcopters- Functionality- How to prepare a flight- First flight- Rotating away and first flight figures- More challenging flight maneuvers- Speedflight and loops, flips

Since the beginning, the development of quadcopters and drones has been strongly influenced by sensors in combination with microprocessors. These flight systems would not be feasible without sensors, because gyros, acceleration sensors and inertial measurement units, for example, are absolutely necessary to make them fly. These are used for axis control. Others, such as the electronic compass, the air pressure sensor or GPS, make control consi...

This booklet is intended for everyone who wants to set the control parameters of a quadcopter or who works on his own projects with quadcopters. For anyone who wants to understand why a quadrocopter flies at all, or how it realizes the self-balancing, and how to choose controller parameters so that it reaches a predetermined angle of attack in nick or roll, the reading is recommended.For this purpose, the flight mechanics is first derived in t...

The quadcopters and multicopters used today are driven by brushless motors as standard. In most cases these drive the propellers directly. A gear is used in exceptional cases. This configuration of the drive is essential to the success of the quadcopter in many technical areas and those of everyday life. They can be implemented easily and without complicated mechanics. In addition, the brushless motors including controllers have efficiencies o...

2, 4-GHz-Fernsteuerungen Grundlagen und Praxis In den ersten Jahren des neuen Jahrtausends hat bei der Fernsteuertechnologie mit 2, 4 GHz eine Revolution stattgefunden. Nachdem die Frequenzen im zweistelligen MHz Bereich über viele Jahre Stand der Technik waren, haben die Fernsteuerungen das Band zwischen 2, 4 und 2, 48 GHz erobert. Neben den Grundlagen und Eigenschaften der 2, 4 GHz-Funkwellen vermittelt unser Autor, Prof. Dr. Roland Büchi, a...

In den ersten Jahren des neuen Jahrtausends hat bei der Fernsteuertechnologie mit 2, 4 GHz eine Revolution stattgefunden. Nachdem die Frequenzen im zweistelligen MHz Bereich über viele Jahre Stand der Technik waren, haben die Fernsteuerungen das Band zwischen 2, 4 und 2, 48 GHz erobert. Neben den Grundlagen und Eigenschaften der 2, 4 GHz-Funkwellen vermittelt unser Autor, Prof. Dr. Roland Büchi, auch die praktischen Aspekte: die optimale Ausri...

In recent years, brushless DC motors and controllers have begun an unparalleled triumph in model construction and in all technical fields. This book is intended to show how a brushless motor works. The basic principle is discussed first, before all the key terms such as kV and rpm/V, operating voltage, load and idle current, torque, turns, electrical and mechanical power, losses, efficiency, etc. are explained. A brushless motor can't work wit...

In the first years of the new millennium, in the development of radio control technology with 2.4 GHz, a real revolution has taken place. While the frequencies in the MHz range were standard over many years in model construction, a large proportion of modern communication technology and with it radio control (RC) has since taken the band between 2.4 GHz and 2.48 GHz. Contents: Components of a radio control - Properties of 2.4 GHz waves - Ante...

Für den Quadrocopter gibt es viele Namen, er wird auch "Quadrotor", "Mikrocop-ter", "Multicopter" oder einfach "Ufo" genannt. Diese Modellbausparte ist sehr jung. Sie nahm ihren Anfang zu Beginn des neuen Jahrtausends mit kommerziel-len Produkten für fliegende Kamerainspektionen. Die Hobbyanwender konnten im Jahre 2005 ihre ersten Systeme fliegen lassen, als erste Spielzeugfirmen relativ günstig zu erwerbende Spielzeuge mit vier in der Waagere...

Exercises in Electronics, Operational Amplifier Circuits is a collection of examination papers and their solutions for Bachelor and Master Students. Prof. Dr. Roland Büchi is teaching at Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Engineering.

This booklet provides basic knowledge and assistance for the purchase of quadrocopters and a detailed flight school.It is limited to the essentials, without any ballast. Contents: - Ready-to-fly quadcopters - Functionality - How to prepare a flight - First flight - Rotating away and first flight figures - More challenging flight maneuvers - Speedflight and loops, flips

For quadcopters there are many names. They are also called quadrocopter, quadricopter, drone, multicopter or simply 'UFO'. This type of model construction is very young. It began early in the new millennium with commercial products for flying camera inspections. One sees quadcopters in all sizes and price ranges on the market. They start with the toy quadcopters, which are small and, despite their low price, often surprisingly robust. In this...