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Capital: Bogotá. Major Cities: According to the 2005 census, the four cities with more than 1 million population are: Bogotá (4, 300, 000, Greater Bogotá, 6, 776, 009), Medellín (2, 223, 078), Cali (2, 068, 386), and Barranquilla (1, 380, 437). These cities are also the four major industrial centers. Independence: Colombia officially marks its independence from Spain on July 20, 1810, the date that criollo revolutionists established a ruling j...

Formal Name: Commonwealth of Australia. Short Form: Australia. Term for Citizen(s): Australian(s). Capital: Canberra. Major Cities: In order of size, the largest cities in Australia are Sydney (4.2 million), Melbourne (3.6 million), Brisbane (1.7 million), Perth (1.4 million), and Canberra (323, 000). Independence: The British colonies of Australia were federated and the Commonwealth of Australia established on January 1, 1901.

Formal Name: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (Dowlate EslamiyeAfghanestan). Short Form: Afghanistan. Term for Citizen(s): Afghan(s). Capital: Kabul. Major Cities: Herat (Hirat), Jalalabad, Kandahar (Qandahar), Kondoz (Kunduz), and Mazare Sharif. Independence: Afghanistan recognizes its independence day as August 19, the date in 1919 when the country became fully independent of British rule.

Capital: Caracas. Major Cities: Caracas, 1.8 million inhabitants, Zulia, 2.9 million, and Carabolo, 1.9 million (2003). Independence: July 5, 1811, from Spain. Public Holidays: Año Nuevo (New Year's Day), January 1, Carnaval (Carnival), the Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, movable dates in early February to early March, Día de San José (St. Joseph's Day), March 19, Jueves Santo (Holy Thursday) and Viernes Santo (Holy Friday), movable h...

Capital: Hanoi. Major Cities: With 5.6 million people, Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) is the most populous city. Hanoi has a population of 3 million. Other major cities are Danang, Haiphong, and Can Tho. Independence: Vietnam declared independence from Japan and France on September 2, 1945. However, Vietnam remained under French control until the communist Viet Minh defeated French forces at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. Public Holidays: Official...

Capital: Abu Dhabi City.

Capital: Ankara. Other Major Cities: Istanbul,

Capital: Bangkok (in Thai, Krung Thep,

Capital: The capital of central administration of Taiwan is Taipei (T'ai-pei-

Capital: Damascus (population estimated at 5 million in 2004). Other Major Cities: Aleppo (4.5 million), Homs (1.8 million), Hamah (1.6 million), Al Hasakah (1.3 million), Idlib (1.2 million), and Latakia (1 million). Independence: Syrians celebrate their independence on April 17, known as Evacuation Day, in commemoration of the departure of French forces in 1946. Public Holidays: Public holidays observed in Syria include New Year's Day (Janua...

Capital: Seoul.

Capital: Abuja has been the capital of Nigeria since December 12, 1991. Previously, the capital was Lagos. Major Cities: According to preliminary results of the 2006 census and subsequent estimates, the most populous cities in Nigeria are Lagos (about 8 million), Kano (3.8 million), Ibadan (2.6 million), Kaduna (1.7 million), Port Harcourt (1.3 million), and Benin City (1.1 million). Independence: Nigeria achieved independence from the United ...

Capital: Kathmandu. Major Cities: According to the 2001 census, only Kathmandu had a population of more than 500, 000. The only other cities with more than 100, 000 inhabitants were Biratnagar, Birgunj, Lalitpur, and Pokhara. Independence: In 1768 Prithvi Narayan Shah unified a number of states in the Kathmandu Valley under the Kingdom of Gorkha. Nepal recognizes National Unity Day (January 11) to commemorate this achievement. Public Holidays:...

Capital: Islamabad (Islamabad Capital Territory). Major Cities: Pakistan has seven cities with a population of 1 million or more: Karachi (9, 339, 023), Lahore (5, 143, 495), Faisalabad (2, 008, 861), Rawalpindi (1, 409, 768), Multan (1, 197, 384), Hyderabad (1, 166, 894), and Gujranwala (1, 132, 509). Independence: Proclaimed August 14, 1947, from Britain. Public Holidays: Eid-ul-Azha (Feast of the Sacrifice of Abraham, movable date), Muharra...

Major Cities: The largest city is P'y4ngyang, with a reported 3.3 million inhabitants in 2005. According to the 1993 census, others, based on population size, are Namp'o, Hamhßng, Ch'4ngjin, Kaes4ng, Sinßiju, and W4nsan (all with populations of more than 300, 000). Independence: August 15, 1945, from Japan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea founded September 9, 1948. National Public Holidays: New Year's Day (January 1), Kim Jong Il's Birth...

Capital: Mexico City (Ciudad de México), located in the Federal District (Distrito Federal) with a population estimated at 8.8 million in 2008. Major Cities: The Greater Mexico City metropolitan area encompasses Mexico City and several adjacent suburbs, including the populous cities of Ecatepec de Morelos (1.8 million residents in 2005) and Netzahualcóyotl (1.2 million). The total population of the Greater Mexico City metropolitan area is esti...

Capital: Singapore. Major Cities: Singapore is a city-state. The city of Singapore is located on the south-central coast of the island of Singapore, but urbanization has taken over most of the territory of the island. Date of Independence: August 31, 1963, from Britain, August 9, 1965, from the Federation of Malaysia. National Public Holidays: New Year's Day (January 1), Lunar New Year (movable date in January or February), Hari Raya Haji (Fea...

Capital: Addis Ababa. Major Cities: Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, Nazret, Harer, Mekele, Jima, Dese, Bahir Dar, and Debre Zeyit (in order of decreasing size, 1994 census). Independence: Ethiopia celebrates May 28 as its National Day, the date of the defeat of the military government (Derg) in 1991. Public Holidays: Ethiopians observe the following public holidays: Christmas (January 7, 2005*), Epiphany (January 19, 2005*), Feast of the Sacrifice/Eid...

Capital: La Habana (Havana). Term for residents: Habaneros (males), Habaneras (females). Major Cities: Cuba's six largest cities (more than 200, 000 inhabitants) in order of population (2005 estimates, not including urban agglomerations) are Havana (2, 201, 610), Santiago de Cuba (423, 392), Camagüey (301, 574), Holguín (269, 618), Santa Clara (210, 220), and Guantánamo (208, 145). Independence: Cuba attained its independence on May 20, 1902. ...

Major Cities: Based on 2000 census data, the largest cities are the four centrally administered municipalities, which include dense urban areas, suburbs, and large rural areas: Chongqing (30.5 million), Shanghai (16.4 million), Beijing (13.5 million), and Tianjin (9.8 million). Other major cities are Wuhan (5.1 million), Shenyang (4.8 million), Guangzhou (3.8 million), Chengdu (3.2 million), Xi'an (3.1 million), and Changchun (3 million). Chin...