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Formal Name: Republic of Bulgaria (Republika B

Formal Name: Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia). Short Form: Bolivia. Term for Citizen(s): Bolivian(s). Capitals: La Paz (executive) and Sucre (judicial). Major Cities: Santa Cruz (1.3 million inhabitants), Cochabamba (900, 000), El Alto (830, 000), La Paz (810, 000), and Sucre (225, 000), according to 2005 projections. Independence: Led by "El Libertador, " Simón Bolívar Palacios, Bolivia gained complete independence from Spanish and ...

Capital: Riyadh (estimated population 3.6 million). Major Cities: Population estimates for 2006 show continued growth for Saudi Arabia's major urban areas: Jiddah (2.9 million), Mecca (1.6 million), Ad Dammam/Khobar/Dhahran (1.6 million), and Medina (854, 500). Mecca and Medina have religious significance that far outweighs their respective populations. Independence: Following Ottoman dominance, Egypt controlled Arabia from 1818 to 1824. For t...

Capital: Moscow (Moskva). Major Cities (in order of population): St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhniy Novgorod, Omsk, Samara, Kazan', Chelyabinsk, Rostov-na-Donu, Ufa, Volgograd, and Perm. Independence: Russia officially marks its independence on June 12, 1991, the date of the Russian Republic's declaration of sovereignty from the Soviet Union. Public Holidays: Official holidays are New Year's (January 1-2), Orthodox Christmas (...

Capital: Bucharest (Bucure

Capital: Manila. Major Cities: Located on Luzon Island, Metropolitan Manila, including the adjacent Quezon City and surrounding suburbs, is the largest city in the Philippines, with about 12 million people, or nearly 14 percent of the total population. Other large cities include Cebu City on Cebu Island and Davao City on Mindanao Island. Independence: The Philippines attained independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, and from the United States...

Capital: Asunción. Major Cities: Asunción (508, 000 inhabitants), Ciudad del Este (261, 000), San Lorenzo (228, 000), Luque (210, 000), Capiatá (199, 000), Lambaré (126, 000), and Fernando de la Mora (120, 000) rank as Paraguay's most populous cities

Capital: Rabat. Major Cities: Morocco's most populous cities, in order of their population as of 2002, are Casablanca (3, 454, 000), Salé (849, 000), Rabat (668, 000), Marrakech (653, 000), Fès (643, 000), Kenitra (581, 000), and Tangier (509, 000). Independence: Morocco achieved independence from France on March 2, 1956. Public Holidays: New Year's Day (January 1), Independence Manifesto (January 11), Labor Day (May 1), Throne Day (July 30), ...

Capital: Tripoli (also known as Tarabulus), with an estimated population of 1, 223, 300 in 2002. Major Cities: Tripoli, Benghazi, Misratah, Az Zawiyah, Tobruk (according to decreasing size, 2000-2002 estimates). Independence: December 24, 1951, from Italy. National Public Holidays: Commercial offices and government establishments are closed on Fridays. In 2005 the major holidays are: January 21* (Eid al Adha, Feast of the Sacrifice), February ...

Capital: Tripoli (also known as Tarabulus), with an estimated population of 1, 223, 300 in 2002. Major Cities: Tripoli, Benghazi, Misratah, Az Zawiyah, Tobruk (according to decreasing size, 2000-2002 estimates). Independence: December 24, 1951, from Italy. National Public Holidays: Commercial offices and government establishments are closed on Fridays. In 2005 the major holidays are: January 21* (Eid al Adha, Feast of the Sacrifice), February ...

Capital: Nairobi. Major Cities: The country's largest cites are Nairobi, the capital and chief manufacturing center, Mombasa, the principal seaport, and Kisumu, the chief port on Lake Victoria. Smaller cities include Nakuru, a commercial and manufacturing center in the Eastern Rift Valley, and Eldoret, an industrial center in western Kenya. The population of cities, according to the 1999 census, was Nairobi, 1, 346, 000, Mombasa, 465, 000, Kis...

Capital: Astana (formerly Aqmola) became the official capital of Kazakhstan in 1997, succeeding Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata) and moving the national government from the far southeast to the industrial north. Other Major Cities: Almaty, Karaganda, Öskemen, Pavlodar, Shymkent, and Taraz. Independence: The recognized date of independence is December 16, 1991, when the Republic of Kazakhstan split from the Soviet Union. Public Holidays: The national...

Capital: Amman (with a population of about 2 million). Other Major Cities: Az Zarqa (472, 830 inhabitants) and Irbid (272, 681). Independence: Jordan celebrates its independence on May 25, the day in 1946 on which Abdullah ibn Hussein al Hashimi was proclaimed King of Transjordan and a new constitution was enacted, replacing the British Mandate that ended three days before. Public Holidays: Public holidays observed in Jordan include New Year's...

Capital: Bamako. Major Cities: Bamako (more than 1 million inhabitants according to the 1998 census), Sikasso (113, 813), Ségou (90, 898), Mopti (79, 840), Koutiala (74, 153), Kayes (67, 262), and Gao (54, 903). Independence: September 22, 1960, from France. Public Holidays: In 2005 legal holidays in Mali include: January 1 (New Year's Day), January 20 (Armed Forces Day), January 21* (Tabaski, Feast of the Sacrifice), March 26 (Democracy Day),...

Capital: Since 1999 Putrajaya (25 kilometers south of Kuala Lumpur) has been the administrative capital and seat of government. Parliament still meets in Kuala Lumpur, but most ministries are located in Putrajaya. Major Cities: Kuala Lumpur is the only city with a population greater than 1 million persons (1, 305, 792 according to the most recent census in 2000). Other major cities include Johor Bahru (642, 944), Ipoh (536, 832), and Klang (62...

Capital: Baghdad. Major Cities (in order of population size): Baghdad, Mosul (Al Mawsil), Basra (Al Basrah), Arbil (Irbil), Kirkuk, and Sulaymaniyah (As Sulaymaniyah). Independence: October 3, 1932, from the British administration established under a 1920 League of Nations mandate. Public Holidays: New Year's Day (January 1) and the overthrow of Saddam Hussein (April 9) are celebrated on fixed dates, although the latter has lacked public suppo...

Capital: Tehran. Other Major Cities (in order of population): Mashhad, Esfahan, Tabriz, Karaj, Shiraz, Qom, and Ahvaz. Independence: In the modern era, Iran always has existed as an independent country. Public Holidays: The national holiday, Islamic Revolution Day, celebrates the victory of the Islamic Revolution on February 11, 1979. Other official holidays are Dawn (the return of Ayatollah Khomeini from 14 years of foreign exile on February ...

Capital: Jakarta (Special Capital City Region of Jakarta), located on the north coast of Java. Major Cities: The eight largest cities in 2004 were Jakarta (Java), Surabaya (Java), Bandung (Java), Medan (Sumatra), Palembang (Sumatra), Semarang (Java), Ujungpandang (Sulawesi), and Tangerang (Java). Date of Independence: Proclaimed August 17, 1945, from the Netherlands. The Hague recognized Indonesian sovereignty on December 27, 1949. National Pu...

Capital: New Delhi (formally called the National Capital Territory of Delhi). Other Major Cities: India has 35 cities and urban agglomerations with more than 1 million persons. The most populous cities are Mumbai (Bombay) with 16.4 million people, Kolkata (Calcutta, 13.2 million), New Delhi (12.8 million), Chennai (Madras, 6.4 million), Bangalore (5.7 million), Hyderabad (5.5 million), and Ahmadabad (4.5 million). Date of Independence: Proclai...

Capital: Port-au-Prince. Major Cities: Port-au-Prince (917, 112 inhabitants), Carrefour (306, 074), Delmas (257, 247), and Cap-Haïtien (107, 026) are Haiti's only cities with more than 100, 000 inhabitants. Independence: January 1, 1804, from France. Haiti was the first modern state governed by people of African descent and the second nation in the Western Hemisphere to achieve independence. Public Holidays: Haiti celebrates the following publ...