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Diabetes mellitus is a multisystem disease with both biochemical and anatomical consequences. Diabetes in pregnant women may be pregestational, where diabetes (type 1 or type 2) is diagnosed before pregnancy, or gestational, which refers to diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy. While planning the management of risk pregnancies, including those complicated by diabetes, two vital questions should be asked: "How will this disorder affect gestation...

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) aims to apply the best available research evidence to clinical decision making, and to assess the strength of evidence of the risks and benefits of treatments and diagnostic tests. In this era of evidence-based health care, both clinicians and researchers need to master EBM in order to critically appraise the medical research articles, and to judge the implications and reliability of reported results. The purposes...

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) include any procedure in which oocytes and spermatozoa, or embryos are manipulated in vitro for the purpose of establishing a pregnancy. Intrauterine insemination, in which laboratory-prepared sperm are inserted into the uterine cavity through a cervical catheter, is indicated in mild-moderate male factor infertility along with a number of other diagnoses. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an ART in whic...

Anemia is one of the commonest medical disorders. It is a pathological condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells is insufficient to meet the body's needs. Nutritional anemia is the most important cause of maternal anemia. Anemia during pregnancy has been reported to increase the risk of small-for-gestational-age birth and low birth weight infants. Strong evidence also exists for an association between maternal anemia a...

Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. It is often a perplexing medical condition for both the physician and the patient. The pathogenesis of endometriosis and its association with infertility remain controversial and poorly understood. The diagnosis of endometriosis may be suggested by careful history and pelvic examination, however, laparoscopy is conside...

Infertility can be defined as the failure to achieve a pregnancy within one year of regular unprotected intercourse. A specific male or female factor can be identified in approximately 80% of couples. Advances in the understanding of the causes of infertility have facilitated the development of increasingly complex diagnostic tools. The accurate detection of underlying reproductive abnormalities helps to guide management decisions and maximize...

Unexplained infertility is failure of conception after three years of unprotected intercourse, while no definite cause of infertility can be diagnosed after a complete work up. Empirical therapy for unexplained infertility using assisted reproductive technology has recently gained popularity. In this study, we compared the value of Fallopian tube sperm perfusion, standard intrauterine insemination and timed intercourse after controlled ovarian...

The aim of this work is to conduct a systemic overview and critical analysis of the body of data in the literature on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is the commonest single cause of anovulation, affecting approximately 5-10% of women in the reproductive age. The syndrome can present in a variety of clinical manifestations including oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, obesity, and infertility. Endocrinal features include high sustained level of ...

The human dream was to see the interior of the body. Endoscopy is a procedure that uses a narrow telescope to view the interior of a viscus or a preformed space. In gynecology, endoscopes are used most often to diagnose conditions by direct visualization of the peritoneal cavity (laparoscopy) or the inside of the uterus through a transcervical approach (hysteroscopy). Endoscopy has affected every area of gynecology, from diagnosis to therapy, ...

Hypertensive states during pregnancy include preeclampsia/eclampsia, gestational hypertension, chronic hypertension, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Preeclampsia is a medical condition where hypertension appears in pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester, in association with significant proteinuria. Eclampsia is a new onset of seizures in a woman with preeclampsia. Accurate preeclampsia statistics are difficu...