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Time and Space in Formal Logic begins with an analysis of assumptions about how logic and language relate. Then in the first section, times are taken to be established by true propositions, and those are related as before and after with temporal propositional connectives. In the second section, times are treated as things that can be picked out and counted, leading to a predicate logic that allows for quantification over times. In the third se...

This book presents a new perspective on ways we encounter the world with our languages. There are two kinds of languages. Some direct speakers to encounter the world as made up of things. Others direct speakers to encounter the world as the flow of all with no idea of change, for there is no thing to change, only differing descriptions of the flow. The essays by Richard L. Epstein set out this division of languages and explore its significance...

• Intended for a course for students in philosophy, mathematics, linguistics, or computer science, and excellent for self-study. • Motivation is given for each formal concept and each step in building a formal logic in terms of formalizing reasoning. Summaries are given at important junctures in the book to keep students aware of what they are doing and where they are going.• Criteria of formalization are developed and applied to formalizing o...

Too often we're guided by what we last heard, by our friends' approval, by impulse-our desires, our fears. Without reflection. Without even stopping to think. ** In this book you'll learn how to reason and find your way better in life. You'll learn to see the consequences of what you and others say and do. You'll learn to see the assumptions that you and others make. You'll learn how to judge what you should believe. These are the skills we al...

Too often we're guided by what we last heard, by our friends' approval, by impulse-our desires, our fears. Without reflection. Without even stopping to think. ** In this book you'll learn how to reason and find your way better in life. You'll learn to see the consequences of what you and others say and do. You'll learn to see the assumptions that you and others make. You'll learn how to judge what you should believe. These are the skills we al...

Lo primero es pensar con claridad, después, escribir con claridad. La Guía breve para el pensamiento crítico lo ayudará a desarrollar las habilidades necesarias para razonar bien en sus estudios y en la vida cotidiana. Incluye cientos de ejemplos claros, divertidos y detallados que lo ayudarán a analizar argumentos y tomar mejores decisiones. La Guía breve para el pensamiento crítico es perfecta como libro de texto para cursos de pensamiento c...

This fifth edition of Critical Thinking by the noted logician Richard L. Epstein is practical, engaging, and easy to teach. Students enjoy and understand it because it is clear and has hundreds of examples using a cast of characters who reason as we do every day. More than 1, 000 exercises lead students to be able to reason well in their courses and their lives. Essay writing lessons and visual writing lessons, using the cast of characters, te...

This series of volumes is meant to extend the scope of what we can formalize in classical predicate logic, and in doing so see the real limitations of what can be done. The first section of this volume presents classical predicate logic with equality. In the second section. that logic is extended to formalize reasoning that involves adverbs and relative adjectives by viewing those as modifiers of simpler predicates. What is normally ta...

The forms and scope of logic rest on assumptions of how language and reasoning connect to experience. In this volume an analysis of meaning and truth provides a foundation for studying modern propositional and predicate logics. Chapters on propositional logic, parsing propositions, and meaning, truth and reference give a basis for criteria that can be used to judge formalizations of ordinary language arguments. Over 120 worked examples of form...

With more than 1, 000 everyday examples and exercises, the text engages and challenges the student. It is the only text on critical thinking in which students work with illustrations to convert the nonverbal into arguments and arrive at conceptual understanding.

This series of books presents the fundamentals of logic in a style accessible to both students and scholars. The text of each essay presents a story, the main line of development of the ideas, while the notes and appendices place the research within a larger scholarly context. The essays overlap, forming a unified analysis of logic as the art of reasoning well, yet each essay is designed so that it may be read independently. The question addre...

This series of books presents the fundamentals of logic in a style accessible to both students and scholars. The text of each essay presents a story, the main line of development of the ideas, while the notes and appendices place the research within a larger scholarly context. The essays overlap, forming a unified analysis of logic as the art of reasoning well, yet each essay is designed so that it may be read independently. The topic of this ...

This series of books presents the fundamentals of reasoning well, in a style accessible to both students and scholars. The text of each essay presents a story, the main line of development of the ideas, while the footnotes and appendices place the research within a larger scholarly context. The essays overlap, forming a unified analysis of reasoning, yet each essay is designed so that it may be read independently of the others. The topic of th...

This series of books is meant to present the fundamentals of reasoning well in a clear manner accessible to both scholars and students. The body of each essay gives the main development of the subject, while the footnotes and appendices place the research within a larger scholarly context. The topic of this volume is the nature and evaluation of reasoning in science and mathematics. Science and mathematics can both be understood as proceeding ...

Featuring its own cast of illustrated characters, a personal and accessible tone, and carefullycrafted in step-by-step units, Epstein's CRITICAL THINKING sets new standards of clarity forpresenting the subject matter. Extensively classroom tested, the text uses over one thousandeveryday examples and exercises to illuminate key points and ideas. It is the only text on criticalthinking in which students work with illustrations to convert the non...

Propositional Logics presents the history, philosophy, and mathematics of the major systems of propositional logic. Classical logic, modal logics, many-valued logics, intuitionism, paraconsistent logics, and dependent implication are examined in separate chapters. Each begins with a motivation in the originators' own terms, followed by the standard formal semantics, syntax, and completeness theorem. The chapters on the various logics are la...

Clear. Concise. The Guide to Critical Thinking in Economics is a summary and guide to the art of reasoning well in economics and in everyday life. . Basic Skills of Critical Thinking The text provides a clear-introduction to claims, arguments, analogies, models, experiments, generalizing, and cause and effect reasoning using examples geared to economics students. . Mastering Basic Skills Hundreds of examples are included, three-fourths of w...

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In Classical Mathematical Logic, Richard L. Epstein relates the systems of mathematical logic to their original motivations to formalize reasoning in mathematics. The book also shows how mathematical logic can be used to formalize particular systems of mathematics. It sets out the formalization not only of arithmetic, but also of group theory, field theory, and linear orderings. These lead to the formalization of the real numbers and Euclidean...

Conventional gestures are those movements we make, such as waving hello and shaking hands, that are part of a learned, shared, symbolic system. In this book Richard L. Epstein working with the illustrator Alex Raffi examines how such gestures mean and how we can study them. Drawing on their collection of over 400 American gestures, available on the Advanced Reasoning Forum website, they examine problems of methodology and the nature of gesture...