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A biography of the boldest and most unsettling of the early modern philosophers, Spinoza, examining the man's life, relationships, career, and writings, while forcing us to rethink how we previously understood his reception in the fields of philosophy, religion, ethics, and political theory in his own time and in the years following his death.

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The first major reassessment of the Western Enlightenment for a generation. Continuing the story he began in Radical Enlightenment, Jonathan Israel now focuses on the first half of the eighteenth century. He traces to their roots the core principles of Western modernity: the primacy of reason, democracy, racial equality, feminism, religious toleration, sexual emancipation, and freedom of expression.

In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries a small but conspicuous fringe of the Jewish population became the world¿s most resolute, intellectually driven, and philosophical revolutionaries, among them the pre-Marxist Karl Marx. Yet the roots of their alienation from existing society and determination to change it extend back to the very heart of the Enlightenment, when Spinoza and other philosophers living in a rigid, hierarchical socie...

Radical and conservative Enlightenment ideologies began to break apart as the desire for a fair society clashed with questions of religion and secularization. The Enlightenment that Failed shows how ideas promoting the interest of society as a whole came to be almost defeated by ideas buttressing the interests of the privileged few.

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In this magisterial survey of the Enlightenment, Jonathan Israel returns to the primary texts to offer a major new reinterpretation of the nature and development of the important currents in philosophical thinking, arguing that supposed national enlightenments are of less significance than the rift between conservative and radical thought.

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Seit einem Jahrzehnt gibt es eine intensive Forschung zur »Radikalaufklärung« - dem atheistischen, skeptischen und materialistischen Flügel des Denkens im späten 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. Vor allem Jonathan Israel hat für die aufregende These argumentiert, dass diese radikalen Aufklärer verantwortlich sind für die Errungenschaften der Moderne, für Freiheit und Menschenrechte, Gleichheit und Toleranz, und dass der Spinozismus eine zentrale Rolle...

Dit imposante boek laat zien dat de Verlichting ten diepste een revolutionair proces was, aangestuurd door een diepgaand filosofisch debat binnen een kleine groep revolutionaire filosofen. Werkzaam in de marge van de grote revolutionaire bewegingen wisten zij "la philosophie moderne" uit te bouwen tot een ideologie die de wereld zou transformeren en die een blijvende invloed zou uitoefenen, niet alleen in Frankrijk, Italië, Duitsland en de Ne...

Much new research and writing on the Glorious Revolution of 1688-91 in England, Scotland, Ireland and North America, and on the Dutch role in the Revolution, has materialized in the last few years in connection with the tercentenary celebrations of 1988 and 1989 and the various accompanying conferences, symposia, and exhibitions in Britain, the Netherlands and the United States. There has also been a spate of associated publications. This is, ...

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In Verlichting onder vuur vervolgt Jonathan Israel zijn fascinerende beschrijving en heroverweging van de westerse Verlichting, die onze samenleving zo fundamenteel veranderde. Hij richt zich nu op de eerste helft van de achttiende eeuw en duikt opnieuw diep in de bronnen. De Franse, Britse, Duitse, Italiaanse én Nederlandse Verlichting worden niet afzonderlijk, maar in hun samenhang beschreven waardoor allerlei misverstanden kunnen worden on...

The Radical Enlightenment was a revolutionary set of ideas which helped lay the foundations of the modern world on the basis of equality, democracy, secular values, and universality. This controversial and original study by the internationally renowned cultural historian Jonathan I. Israel shows how Spinoza and his thought set the intellectual current towards the intellectual and political revolutions of the later eighteenth century.