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Accompanying an exhibition at the Frist Art Museum, this catalogue is the first major study in English about manuscript illumination, painting, and sculpture in the northern Italian city of Bologna between the years 1200 and 1400. Bologna's university is the oldest in Europe. Its origins have been traced to the late eleventh century, when scholars started gathering in the city to study Roman law and attracted students. The academic setting gav...

Italy in the thirteenth century was transformed by two new religious orders, the Dominicans and the Franciscans. Whereas earlier religious orders had secluded themselves in monasteries in the countryside and lived off income from their property, the Dominicans and Franciscans settled in urban centers and lived as mendicants, or beggars, administering to the laity. The founding members of both orders took a vow of poverty, yet soon after their ...