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This new series of scholarly reflections on the interpretation of Socratic philosophy is an inviting combination of intuition and meticulous analysis. Ryszard Legutko provides the reader a monumental service in his confrontation of the most important and influential literature written on the subject to date. He likewise opens the conversation to European contributions and renders Socrates truly a figurehead of future philosophy far beyond bein...

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This book has two currents. The first is an analysis of the three concepts of freedom that are called, respectively, negative, positive, and inner. Negative freedom is defined as an absence of coercion, positive freedom as an ability to rule oneself and others, inner freedom as being oneself, that is, being the author of one's decisions. Each concept is analyzed both in terms of its development in the history of ideas and in terms of its inter...

Der Autor hat das kommunistische Polen erlebt und im Untergrund gegen das System gekämpft, er vergleicht es mit der liberalen Demokratie seines Landes und Europas und stellt fest, daß beide Systeme zunehmend gemeinsame Züge aufweisen. Wie im Marxismus, wächst in der westlichen Demokratie eine umfassende, beherrschende Ideologie heran, die unter dem Schleier der Toleranz immer weniger Abweichungen duldet. Legutko analysiert vergleichend in den ...

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Ryszard Legutko lived and suffered under communism for decades-and he fought with the Polish ant-communist movement to abolish it. Having lived for two decades under a liberal democracy, however, he has discovered that these two political systems have a lot more in common than one might think. They both stem from the same historical roots in early modernity, and accept similar presuppositions about history, society, religion, politics, culture...

In Society as a Department Store Ryszard Legutko wrestles with the emancipatory ideology promulgated by postmodernists, libertarians, and liberal thinkers. Legutko argues that modern Western liberals have embraced a revolutionary ethic, they have turned their backs on their own cultural heritage, and used its political and ideological apparatus to destroy classical metaphysics and epistemology. The book considers the paradoxical implications o...