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These are the proceedings of a conference held in Brussels in 1986 to commemorate the 2400 years of Carthage, founded in 814/3 B.C. according to the tradition reported by Timaeus. The eighteen papers, reproduced with illustrations, ample footnotes, and annexes, deal therefore with Carthage and its spiritual heritage, from the time of its foundation to the Roman period, attention being also paid to ancient sources in Arabic. Archaeology, epigra...

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The description, location, chronology, and nature of the bilingual archive from Ma'lana, called Ma'allanate by Assyriologists, is followed by the up-dated analysis of all the Aramaic texts and epigraphs, as well as of the proper names, occurring there or related to them. This material, so far scattered in a dozen of different publications, is now collected and reorganized in four chapters. All the texts dealt with date to ca. 700-620 B.C., fro...

These proceedings of the conference held in Brussels to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology Queen Elisabeth of Belgium at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem contains ten substantial studies dealing with the archaeology and history of the Land of Israel and its cultural milieu in biblical times. The main purpose of the conference, stressed in the title of the volume, was to show the rich variety of civilizations th...

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Phoenicia and the Bible

The first comparative grammar of the Semitic languages, by H. Zimmern, was published a hundred years ago and the last original work of this kind was issued in Russian in 1972 by B.M. Grande. The present grammar, designed to come out in the centenary of the completion of Zimmern's work, fills thus a gap. Besides, it is based on both classical and modern Semitic languages, it takes new material of these last decades into account, and situates th...

In order to present the Aramean history during some six hundred years, down to the seventh century B.C., it was necessary to analyze a wide range of sources, mainly cuneiform, epigraphic, and biblical. Chapter I deals with Aramean pre-history and proto-history, while chapter II examines the question of the alleged relationship between the Hebrew forefathers and the ancient Arameans. Chapters III to XIV give a relatively accurate description of...

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The history of Canaan in the Iron Age is generally written from the perspective of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. The scope of this book is to inverse this relation and to focus on "the skirts of Canaan", while regarding the "United Monarchy" and the "Divided Monarchy" as external and sometimes marginal players of the regional history. After having examined the transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the mid-12th century B.C....

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These proceedings of the conference held in Leuven from the 14th to the 16th of November 1985 contain thirty studies dealing with various aspects of the Phoenician civilization and its expansion around the Eastern Mediterranean in the first millenium B.C. Contributions referring to a geographic area, like Anatolia, the Aramaic world, the trade between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, Cyprus, Greece, alternate with studies referring to the cu...

The excavations of the last eighty years, especially at Ugarit, Ebla, and Emar, have accumulated an exceptional amount of source material referring to the Syro-Canaanite god Resheph, whose history can now be followed during three thousand years. Chapter I deals with Resheph in the Ebla texts, already witnessing his assimilation to the Mesopotamian god Nergal, while Chapter II is dedicated to his consort Adamma. Western Asiatic sources of the s...

The land and sea routes of the Phoenicians in their homeland and their trading Empire are examined in the present volume on the ground of Neo-Assyrian military itineraries (Chapters I and II), and of information provided by epigraphy, literary sources, and archaeological findings on Cyprus, in Anatolia, and in the Aegean (Chapters III, IV and V). Chapters VI and VII examine the problems of Ophir and Tarshish, developing fresh insights, while C...