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Dengue fever also known as break bone fever, is an infectious tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles. In a small proportion of cases the disease develops into the life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dan...

A large number of pathological studies are used to evaluate the patient with renal disease. These are performed alone or in combination for the detection, diagnosis, and/or the evaluation of multiple conditions. They are principally required to assess urinary tract obstruction, kidney stones, renal cyst or mass, disorders with characteristic histopathological findings, renal vascular diseases. Because of safety, ease of use, and the informatio...

Abdominal trauma may pose a significant diagnostic challenge to the trauma surgeons as well as radiologists. Clinical findings are often unreliable and have low sensitivity for diagnosis of intra-peritoneal injuries following such injuries. Ultrasound imaging is a common method of diagnosing intra-abdominal injuries. This study was conducted to determine the role of USG in detecting intra-abdominal injuries. Objective: To determine the frequen...

The text Book of "Health Care Economics" will cover all issues that arise when dealing with the most important -The Economics, 'The Economics of Health Care'.This Text Book split into five units.In these units, we will show how economists have approached the problem of health care. This involves introducing and explaining the economic theory which underpins health economists' Analysis. Much of this theory will look familiar to economics studen...

Breathing other people's smoke is called passive, involuntary or second-hand smoking. It has two types: 1. Side stream smoking: from burning up of the cigarette. 2. Mainstream smoking: inhaled and exhaled by smoker. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) is a major source of indoor air pollution.Tobacco smoke contains over 4000 chemicals in the form of particles and gases. Multan (Pakistan) has one of the highest prevalence of passive smoking among...

Fat accumulation is one of the most common abnormalities of the liver depicted on cross-sectional images. Common patterns include diffuse fat accumulation, diffuse fat accumulation with focal sparing, and focal fat accumulation in an otherwise normal liver. Unusual patterns that may cause diagnostic confusion by mimicking neoplastic, inflammatory, or vascular conditions include multinodular and perivascular accumulation. All of these patterns ...

Alzheimer disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Current consensus statements have emphasized the need for early recognition and the fact that a diagnosis of AD can be made with high accuracy by using clinical, neuropsychologic, and imaging assessments. Magnetic resonance (MR) or computed tomographic (CT) imaging is recommended for the routine evaluation of AD. Coronal MR im...

The text Book of "A Guide to Biostatistics" focuses on research data analysis in clinical researches. It is designed to prepare postgraduate students to create published research in their area of interest and to design and analyze their own research projects. Topics to be covered include: identifying data analysis in major areas of clinical & applied research, specifying criteria for evaluation of research data, deciding on the significance of...

Amoebiasis is a disease caused by a single-celled parasite called Entamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba histolytica is the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to parasitic disease in humans (after malaria and schistosomiasis) and is estimated to be responsible for between 50, 000 and 100, 000 deaths worldwide every year. It is a tiny single celled creature, 10 to 40 milli microns in diameter. It is normally a resident of large intest...

The clinical laboratory findings of dengue fever include low levels of white blood cells (leukopenia) and platelets (thrombocytopenia) and, often, an elevated level of the enzyme serum aminotransferase. The diagnosis of dengue fever is usually confirmed in the laboratory by serologic tests on blood samples from the patient. (In very technical terms, this is done by antigen-detection ELISA or PR-PCR during the acute phase of the disease or by I...

Pakistan has come a along way in its struggle to eradicate polio. In the early years of the 1990's the annual incidence of polio was estimated at more than 20, 000 cases a year, but over the last 5 years an average of only 100 cases per year have been reported. The national polio eradication effort has made major strides in reaching children with immunization in all parts of the country over the past 15 years. Now the tremendous progress towar...

The Ministry of Health (MoH), Government of Pakistan in financial assistance from Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) and technical as well as management assistance from Micro Nutrients Initiative (M I) is going to embark upon a new initiative "National Wheat Flour Fortification Program (NWFFP)". The program aims at improving health status of the nation through minimizing the effects of iron deficiency in children and women. The intr...

Measles (also known as morbilli, English measles, or rubeola - not to be confused with rubella) is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus, specifically a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Morbilliviruses, like other paramyxoviruses, are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses. Symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes and a generalized, maculopapular, erythematous skin rash, the symptom for wh...

The Nutrition Wing, Ministry of Health Pakistan has fully committed to flour fortification as a valuable approach to anemia prevention and control therefore it has initiated a National Wheat Flour Fortification Project (NWFFP). Preparatory activities leading towards national scale flour fortification are underway. NWFFP aims to introduce the universal fortification of wheat flour by the year 2013. The instant study "Implementation and Analysis...

Prisoner department of the Punjab consist of 29 Jails, out of which two are situated in Multan. Currently 52, 596 prisoners confined in a space with official accommodation capacity of 17, 413. To find out the prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis(PTB), a descriptive cross sectional study was conducted involving 35 prisoners. A semi structured interview questionnaire was designed to determine client's satisfaction. A checklist was designed to as...

The Study "An Endoscopic Evaluation of Acute Dysphagia Due To Mechanical Obstruction In South Punjab Pakistan" was conducted from January to December 2005. This study was carried out to find the common causes of mechanical dysphagia. 50 cases were screened to see the dysphagia due to the mechanical obstruction.28 (56%) were males and 22 (44%) were females. Foreign body in esophagus was seen in 3 patients (6%) 2 female and one male. Two patient...

The text Book of "Research Methodology & Field Work Management" (RM & FWM) focuses on research methods in clinical researches. It is designed to prepare postgraduate students to evaluate published research in their area of interest and to design their own research projects. Topics to be covered include: identifying major areas of clinical & applied research, specifying criteria for evaluation of research reports, deciding on the paradigm, stat...

Tuberculosis remains a world wide public health problem despite the fact that causative organism was discovered more than hundred years ago and highly effective drugs are available making tuberculosis a preventable and curable disease. According to conservative estimates one third of the world's population is infected with tuberculosis. There are 15 - 20 millions cases of infectious tuberculosis in the word. This infectious pool is maintained ...

The Thesis addresses the threat to child health in three sections. The first summarizes the health effects of children's exposure to tobacco smoke. The second address measurement issues central to action: measuring health impact, children's exposure and the economic burden of that exposure. The third turns to interventions and includes evidence of effective policies and programmes to reduce children's exposure to tobacco smoke along with a fra...

The text Book of "Public Health Administration and Practice" covers all issues that arise when dealing with the most important of all public health problems. This includes issues that are related to their growth and development as a tool in the workplace (e.g. skill training and proficiency enhancement) and in managing them effectively as a resource. The workplace is defined very broadly - it could be in a manufacturing setting or in a service...