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In 1993, at Tooele Army Depot, Utah, the Army completed construction of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility (TOCDF), the first complete facility for destruction of lethal unitary chemical agents and munitions to be built in the continental United States. The TOCDF will employ the Army's baseline incineration system to destroy the depot's increment of the nation's aging unitary chemical stockpile. This book assesses Army changes and imp...

The United States has maintained a stockpile of highly toxic chemical agents and munitions for more than half a century. Chemical agents are extremely hazardous, which is why they have been used in weapons.

The Defense Authorization Act of 1992 also directed the Army to submit to Congress, no later than December 31, 1993 (extended to 60 days following delivery of this report), a report on potential alternatives to the baseline system. That report is to contain an analysis of the Alternatives Committee report and 'any recommendations that the National Academy of Sciences makes to the Army...'. This report provides those recommendations to the Army.

Discharging cargo to save a ship in distress is recognized in international protocols, but U.S. statutes - specifically, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - introduced a strict new liability standard for damage from oil spills and established criminal sanctions for spillers. Now, potential legal repercussions have made salvors, administrators, and ship operators leary of considering limited discharge of petroleum or other cargo as a potential opti...

As the results of the Loma Prieta earthquake research became known over the following three years, it was thought that the results could be applied to other earthquake prone areas of the county.

Buildings and other public facilities can have very long and productive service lives, providing efficient shelter and serving a wide range of activities. To do so, however, these facilities must be managed effectively, in a manner consistent with key design decisions. A variety of political and technical obstacles to effective management raise the public's total cost of ownership for these facilities, particularly when actions to deal with sh...

This book explores methods of tracking and cataloging the debris in orbit. It offers recommendations for targeted research on the debris population and the specific risks to spacecraft, effective international exchange of information, requirements for reducing debris from future launches, and improved spacecraft protection measures.

The construction of nuclear power plants in the United States is stopping, as regulators, reactor manufacturers, and operators sort out a host of technical and institutional problems. This volume summarizes the status of nuclear power, analyzes the obstacles to resumption of construction of nuclear plants, and describes and evaluates the technological alternatives for safer, more economical reactors. Topics covered include: institutional issue...

The National Research Council established the Board on Mathematical Sciences in 1984. The objectives of the Board are to maintain awareness of the Board and active concern for the health of the mathematical sciences and to serve as the focal point in the National Research Council for issues connected with the mathematical sciences.

Wind-driven power systems represent a renewable energy technology. Arrays of interconnected wind turbines can convert power carried by the wind into electricity. This book defines a research and development agenda for the U.S. Department of Energy's wind energy program in hopes of improving the performance of this emerging technology.

Aggressive, effective safety inspection programs are key elements to ensuring that oil- and gas-producing platform operations on the outer continental shelf are conducted in a safe and environmentally sound manner. Although the oil and gas leaseholders themselves are primarily responsible for the soundness of their operations, the Minerals Management Service (MMS) of the Department of the Interior is charged with prescribing safe practices and...

A prompt and effective response to ship casualties can prevent pollution and economic disruption of ports and waterways. This report of the Committee on Marine Salvage Issues of the National Research Council assesses the adequacy of marine salvage in the United States and evaluates significant changes that have taken place in the salvage industry over the last two decades. The report addresses and makes recommendations concerning business cond...

The key to opening the use of space to private enterprise and to broader public uses lies in reducing the cost of the transportation to space. More routine, affordable access to space will entail aircraft-like quick turnaround and reliable operations. Currently, the space Shuttle is the only reusable launch vehicle, and even parts of it are expendable while other parts require frequent and extensive refurbishment. NASA's highest priority new a...

The two earthquakes of magnitude 6.1 and 6.9 on March 5, 1987, occurred along the eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains in northeastern Ecuador. The epicenters were located in Napo province, approximately 100 km ENE of Quito and 25 km N of Reventador Volcano.

This report is one of a series issued under the Building Research Board's strategic program on physical infrastructure. As a unit of the National Research Council, the Building Research Board has embarked on this strategic program to address problems of infrastructure policy and opportunities for new infrastructure technology. The program is designed to bring together expertise from many fields and decision-makers from all levels of government...

Written in response to a request from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications to evaluate its Advanced Human Support Technology Program, this volume reviews the four major areas of the program: advanced life support, environmental monitoring and control, extravehicular activities, and space human factors. The focus of the program is on longterm development of technologies ap...

Traditionally, engineering education books describe and reinforce unchanging principles that are basic to the field. However, the dramatic changes in the engineering environment during the last decade demand a paradigm shift from the engineering education community. This revolutionary volume addresses the development of long-term strategies for an engineering education system that will reflect the needs and realities of the United States and t...

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Both sides of the engineering equation--education and utilization--are studied in this unique volume. A brief discussion of the development of engineering in the United States is followed by an examination of the status of engineering today. A specially developed flow diagram, which defines all aspects of the current engineering community, demonstrates how the profession adapts and responds to change. The book then takes a critical look at the...