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This book details the forum that was held by the National Materials Advisory Board at the National Academy of Sciences. The purpose of this forum was to bring the importance of materials to the attention of policy makers and to promote interactions between policy makers and the materials community. Four key themes were addressed: the critical role of materials in advancing technology and enhancing the nation's economy, security, and health, in...

In 1993, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Industrial Technology (OIT) established a group of seven industries designated as Industries of the Future (IOF). These industries were selected for their high energy use and large waste generation. The original IOF included the aluminum, chemicals, forest products, glass, metalcasting, petroleum refining, and steel industries. Each industry was asked to provide a future vision and a road ...

A major goal of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and now the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), is the development of technologies for detecting explosives and illegal drugs in freight cargo and passenger luggage. One such technology is pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA). This technology is based on detection of signature radiation (gamma rays) induced in material scanned by a beam of neutrons. While PFNA may have the pot...

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This report assesses the operational performance of explosives-detection equipment and hardened unit-loading devices (HULDs) in airports and compares their operational performance to their laboratory performance, with a focus on improving aviation security.

Since 1939, the U.S. government, using the National Defense Stockpile (NDS), has been stockpiling critical strategic materials for national defense. The economic and national security environments, however, have changed significantly from the time the NDS was created. Current threats are more varied, production and processing of key materials is more globally dispersed, the global competition for raw materials is increasing, the U.S. military ...

High performance synthetic fibers are key components of composite materials?a class of materials vital for U.S. military technology and for the civilian economy. This book addresses the major research and development opportunities for present and future structural composite applications and identifies steps that could be taken to accelerate the commercialization of this critical fiber technology in the United States. The book stresses the need...

Military use of advanced polymer matrix composites (PMC)?consisting of a resin matrix reinforced by high-performance carbon or organic fibers?while extensive, accounts for less that 10 percent of the domestic market. Nevertheless, advanced composites are expected to play an even greater role in future military systems, and DOD will continue to require access to reliable sources of affordable, high-performance fibers including commercial materi...

Results in biomaterials R&D, suggest that there are opportunities for these emerging materials in military medicine. To facilitate this possibility, the National Research Council convened a workshop at the request of the Department of Defense to help create a technology development roadmap. This report presents a summary of this workshop.

This book includes an assessment of the global minerals and metals industry, a review of technologies in use for exploration, mining, minerals processing, and metals extraction, and a look at research priorities. The core of the volume is a series of specific recommendations for government, industry, and the academic community, to promote partnerships that will produce a strong flow of new technologies. Special focus is given to the role of th...

Separation processes -- or processes that use physical, chemical, or electrical forces to isolate or concentrate selected constituents of a mixture -- are essential to the chemical, petroleum refining, and materials processing industries.In this volume, an expert panel reviews the separation process needs of seven industries and identifies technologies that hold promise for meeting these needs, as well as key technologies that could enable sep...

The major objective of this study was to identify issues and potential research and technology development opportunities related to the introduction of new materials on the next generation of commercial transports and the expected effect on the life-cycle durability. - from the Introduction.

Materials are the foundation and fabric of manufactured products. In fact, many leading commercial products and military systems could not exist without advanced materials, and many of the new products critical to the United States continued prosperity will come only through the development and commercialization of new materials. Thus, the field of materials science and engineering (MS&E, ) affects quality of life, industrial competitiveness, ...

Hierarchical structures are assemblages of molecular units or their aggregates that are embedded or intertwined with other phases, which in turn are similarly organized at increasing size levels. The multilevel architectures are capable of conferring unique properties to the structure. Hierarchical structures are found in practically all complex systems, particularly naturally occurring ones. Synthetic hierarchical structures can be prepared f...

Sensor technology is a rapidly growing field that has significant potential to improve the operation, reliability, serviceability, and utility of many engineering systems. Advances in materials science and engineering have paved the way for the development of new and more capable sensors. - from the Executive Summary.

By the year 2001, all six denominations currently in production ($100, $50, $20, $10, $5, and $1) will have been redesigned. A major motivation for this redesign is the incorporation of new security features to combat the threat of counterfeiting posed by the rapid development in advanced copying and imaging systems that allow even the unskilled user to make faithful full-color reproductions of documents.

The selection of the proper materials for a structural component is a critical activity that is governed by many, often conflicting factors. Incorporating materials expert systems into CAD/CAM operations could assist designers by suggesting potential manufacturing processes for particular products to facilitate concurrent engineering, recommending various materials for a specific part based on a given set of characteristics, or proposing possi...

Materials are important in the pursuit of virtually every human endeavor. Advances in materials are applied not only in advanced technological systems such as spacecraft, jet engines, computers, and telecommunications but also in a world of more familiar applications from automobiles to floor coverings to fishing rods. This book addresses the factors that impede the transition of new materials from concepts into commercial use. It identifies p...

This study presents a materials research agenda for the commercial aircraft and automotive industries for the next two decades. Case studies from each of the industries are used as a basis for discussion within the report: the 50-mpg, 5-passenger sedan for the automobile industry and the high-speed civil transport for the aircraft industry. The conclusions and recommendations identify the general materials drivers for the industries over the n...