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Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374), one of the greatest of Italian poets, was also the leading spirit in the Renaissance movement to revive ancient Roman language and literature. Just as Petrarch's Latin epic "Africa" imitated Virgil and his compendium "On Illustrious Men" was inspired by Livy, so Petrarch's four "Invectives" were intended to revive the eloquence of the great Roman orator Cicero. The "Invectives" are directed against the cultural ...

Francesco Petrarca, one of the greatest of Italian poets, was also the leading spirit in the Renaissance movement to revive ancient Roman language and literature. Petrarch's four Invectives, written in Latin, were inspired by the eloquence of the great Roman orator Cicero. The "Invectives" are directed against the cultural idols of the Middle Ages--against scholastic philosophy and medicine as well as the dominance of French culture. They defe...