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The term thin film, widely used in-today's science and technology, can be defined as a layer of gaseous, liquid or solid matter. In other words, one can say that it is a form of matter in which one of the dimensions is extremely small as compared two.Usually solid material films less than a micron in thickness are classified as thin films.Thin films have been the subject of curiosity and investigations since 17th century.Thin solid films were ...

The magnetosphere of Mercury, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are described.Venus and Mars have no magnetosphere.The solar wind is able to penetrate directly into the atmospheres of these planets.Among them, Mars is the current interest of present book.In absence of Mars own magnetic field, its ionosphere is strongly influenced by solar wind/interplanetary magnetic field.In this book AYS approach, continuity and momentum equations a...