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Abstract:Lever pressing behavior of squirrel monkeys (s. sciureus) was shaped through shock avoidance to facilitate maintenance of pressing when presentation of electric shock was the only consequence of responding. When presses on each of two levers was reinforced with shocks according to concurrent variable interval schedules, steady moderate rates of responding ensued. When shocks were eliminated as a consequence for responding on one lever...

Abstract:Lever pressing behavior of squirrel monkeys (s. sciureus) was shaped through shock avoidance to facilitate maintenance of pressing when presentation of electric shock was the only consequence of responding. When presses on each of two levers was reinforced with shocks according to concurrent variable interval schedules, steady moderate rates of responding ensued. When shocks were eliminated as a consequence for responding on one lever...

Presents basic definitions, ethical considerations, risk factors and mechanisms, and counselling and rehabilitation principles for sport neuropsychology. These considerations integrate research findings from professional and amateur sports and concomitant effects of mild and traumatic head injury.