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Ecuadorians are people identified with Ecuador, a country in South America, its citizens or their descendants abroad, who identify with the Ecuadorian culture and descent. Ecuador was once the second empire of the Incas. Pre-Columbian Ecuador included numerous indigenous cultures, who thrived for thousands of years before the ascent of the Incan Empire. Las Vegas culture of coastal Ecuador is one of the oldest cultures in the Americas. The Val...

Salvador Dalí was born on May 11, 1904, in the town of Figueres, in the Empordà region close to the French border, in Catalonia, Spain, son of the comfortably off middle-class notary Salvador Dalí i Cusí and Felipa Domenech Ferres. Dalí's father, a lawyer, who was a strict disciplinarian, was tempered by his wife, who encouraged her son's drawing. Dalí had an older brother, also named Salvador, who died prior to Dalí¿s birth. At the age of fiv...

Hannah Arendt's Theory of Political Action, covers a wide spectrum of Arendt's works in providing a framework for her theory of political action. Tchir draws upon a range of thinkers, such as Heidegger, Kant, Augustine and Montesquieu, who influenced aspects of Arendt's theory, and upon those thinkers, whom Arendt explicitly criticized, such as Marx, to demonstrate how she both breaks with the tradition of western political thought and recolle...

In June 1988, the Algerian, Libyan, Mauritanian, Moroccan and Tunisian Heads of States met in Algiers to deliberate the creation of the Arab Maghreb Union. The Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) was founded in February 1989 in Marrakech with the approval of the Treaty Instituting the Arab Maghreb Union. At the Treaty approval, the member States agreed to coordinate, harmonize and rationalize their policies and strategies to achieve sustainable developme...

The ancient city of Jerusalem is known worldwide both in history and our modern times as central issue to the religion and the nationalism of Israeli Jews and Palestinian Arabs, both Muslim and Christian, alike in which it makes it the most emotional and volatile of all the issues in dispute between the two parties. The heart of the dispute over Jerusalem is known widely as the Old City. It is there we find the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, th...

The role of women differed greatly among the ancient societies of both Mesopotamia and Egypt, whose territories make up what is now Iraq and parts of Iran, Turkey and Syria. For the most part, ancient women in Egypt enjoyed more rights and privileges than their Mesopotamian counterparts in matters of marriage and property ownership.Ancient Egyptian legal rights extended to women in most situations, which made the nation's societal structure mo...

This Book refers to cooperative, constructive and positive interaction between people of different religious traditions. Throughout the world there are local, regional, national and international interfaith initiatives, many are formally or informally linked and constitute larger networks or federations. The main goal of writing this book is Peace, but I also believe there will be no peace among the religions without dialogue among the religio...

Sunni Islam and Shia Islam are the two major denominations of Islam. Their division traces back to a Sunni-Shia schism following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the year 632. A dispute over succession to Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community spread across various parts of the world, which led to the Battle of Jamal and Battle of Siffin. The dispute intensified greatly after the Battle of Karbala, in which Hussein ibn Ali a...

The Amorites were a Semitic people who seem to have emerged from western Mesopotamia (modern day Syria) at some point prior to the 3rd millennium BCE. In Sumerian they were known as the Martu or the Tidnum (in the Ur III Period), in Akkadian by the name of Amurru, and in Egypt as Amar, all of which mean 'westerners' or 'those of the west', as does the Hebrew name Amorite. They worshipped their own pantheon of gods with a chief deity named Amur...

Religion was often one aspect that forged a common bond among the members of a Mesopotamian city-state. Naturally, religion became closely linked with politics. Religious beliefs, however, could vary between city-states. Some gods, with similar aspects and descriptions, may have been worshiped under a different name in more than one region. For example, Anu, mentioned previously as the father of the gods, was known by this same name in some of...

This book explores how memory intersects with and shapes religious traditions and cultural identities of ancient civilizations in respect of their religious beliefs and cultural identities. . it discusses how the memory layers that make up ancient history (social, religious, cultural) are represented and refracted in different contexts of the written and material remains of antiquity. Part i Part I looks at religious pasts and the religious pr...

Mesopotamian religion refers to the religious beliefs and practices of the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia. The religious development of Mesopotamia and Mesopotamian culture in general was not particularly influenced by the movements of the various peoples into and throughout the area. Rather, Mesopotamian religion was a consistent and coherent tradition which adapted to the internal needs of its adherents over millenia of development. Th...

The nature of what is happening in Arab regions of today prove that European regionalization is not behind all of these regional autonomist trends and the weakening of the nation-states, but rather it might be a kind of return to tribalism. In other words, the Greater Middle East is undergoing distinct tribalization nowdays rather than being secular.In the Arab ecumene, destruction of the Arab nation-state is a direct route to archaization of ...

Caldea, Assyrians call as Kaldu, (Chaldoyé) Babylonian call chaldeans as Kasdu, and in Hebrew it is called as Kasddim, where their land is located in southern Babylonia (so called the territory in today's modern southern Iraq) Chaldea and chaldeans are frequently mentioned in the Old Testament as well. Frankly speaking, the name should be applied to the land bordering the head of the Persian Gulf between the Arabian desert and the Euphrates de...

Mesopotamia is a name for the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, corresponding to modern-day Iraq, Kuwait, the northeastern section of Syria and to a much lesser extent southeastern Turkey and smaller parts of southwestern Iran. it is usually used to designate the area until the Muslim conquests, with names like Syria, Jezirah, and Iraq being used to describe the region after that date. It has been argued that these later euphemisms ar...

This Book will focus on Mhalmoyé living in Mardin, and surrounding towns in Turkey to analyse the relation between sociocultural boundaries and ethnic identities. Boundaries which separate communities from each other have been used as an analytical tool in socio-anthropological analyses. This Book tries to find out that there is a relation between the dimensions of the boundary and the construction of ethnic identities in a diverse area. In ad...

They follow a faith born in Mesopotamia more than 4, 000 years ago. It is rooted in Zoroastrianism but has, over time, blended in elements of Islam and Christianity. Yazidis pray to God three times a day facing the sun and worship his seven angels - the most important of which is Melek Taus, or Peacock angel.They need to hear the Gospel and see the lives of true believers.As non-Arab and non-Muslim Iraqis, persecution of the Yazidi people of I...

The Kurds, one of the oldest ethnic groups in the Middle East, are reasserting their identity ¿ I was intrigued to find that many people did not know what the Kurdish question implied. The Kurdish question is a term widely used in reference to the fact that Kurdish people do not have a homeland. Kurdistan is divided into four regions, including parts of Iran, North-eastern Syria, South-eastern Turkey and Northern Iraq where Kurds live. The Kur...

There has been a revival in Turkey's relation with Africa after1998. Initially this revival came as a passive attempt, but after 2005 it became an offensive interest in developing relations with the continent. The recent Turkey-Africa Cooperation Summit marks the latest stage in Turkey's keen interest in developing relations with Africa, and should be seen as a turning point if it is followed with concrete projects in political and economic fi...

The Zazas, (also known as Kird, Kirmanc or Dimili) are a people in eastern Anatolia who natively speak the Zaza language. Their heartland, the Dersim region, consists of Tunceli, Bingöl provinces and parts of Elazig, Erzincan and Diyarbakir provinces. The majority of Zazas consider themselves ethnic Kurds, part of the Kurdish nation, Among Kurdish Social groups, However, Zazas identify themselves with different names changing from region to re...