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This book explores how and when biology emerged as a science in Germany. Beginning with the debate about organism between Georg Ernst Stahl and Gottfried Leibniz at the start of the eighteenth century, John Zammito traces the development of a new research program, culminating in 1800, in the formulation of developmental morphology. He shows how over the course of the century, naturalists undertook to transform some domains of natural history i...

AcknowledgmentsIntroduction: The Emergence of the Personal Rivalry between Kant and Herder and the Disciplinary "Calving" of Anthropology from Philosophy1. The Aufklarung of the 1760s: "Philosophy for the World" or Bildung as Emancipation2. Kant and the Leibniz-Wolff School to 1762-17633. "An Altogether Different Kant": The "Gallant Magister" and Popularphilosophie4. A "Kantian of the Year 1765": Herder's Conception of the Project of Philosoph...

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In this philosophically sophisticated and historically significant work, John H. Zammito reconstructs Kant's composition of The Critique of Judgment. The austerity and grandeur of Kant's philosophical writings sometimes make it hard to recognize them as the products of a historical figure situated in the particular constellation of his time and society.

Since the 1950s, many philosophers of science have attacked positivism--the theory that scientific knowledge is grounded in objective reality. Reconstructing the history of these critiques, John H. Zammito argues that while so-called postpositivist theories of science are very often invoked, they actually provide little support for fashionable postmodern approaches to science studies.Zammito shows how problems that Quine and Kuhn saw in the ph...