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Alphaviruses comprise a fascinating group of small, enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses. They are usually transmitted by arthropod vectors (usually mosquitoes). Of the thirty known species, eight are important human pathogens (e.g. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus) whilst one, salmonid alphavirus, is of economic importance to the farmed fish industry. Due to their small size alphaviruses have historically been utilised as ...

Fungi cause a spectrum of diseases in humans, ranging from comparatively innocuous superficial skin diseases caused by dermatophytes to invasive life-threatening infections caused by species such as Candida albicans, or Cryptococcus neoformans. Due to the opportunistic nature of most invasive mycoses, fungal pathogenicity has proven difficult to define. However, the application of new genomic and other molecular techniques in recent years has ...

Composed of nearly a thousand different types of microorganisms - some beneficial, others not - the human gut microbiota plays an important role in health and disease. This is due to the presence of probiotic or beneficial microbes, or due to the feeding of prebiotics that stimulate the endogenous beneficial microbes (these promote health by stimulating the immune system, improving the digestion and absorption of nutrients, and inhibiting the ...

Thermophilic microorganisms thrive in a variety of marine and terrestrial habitats. These organisms have evolved several biochemical and molecular strategies to counteract the deleterious effects of the high temperatures in their environments. Given that temperature is considered to be one of the most important physical factors controlling the adaptation and evolution of organisms, the remarkable ability of thermophilic microorganisms to thriv...

Since the publication of Fabio Bagnoli's and Rino Rappuoli's first book in 2011 (Vaccine Design: Innovative Approaches and Novel Strategies, ISBN 978 1 904455 74 5), the field of vaccinology has advanced significantly. The application of new sophisticated 'omics' technologies and the use of pioneering approaches have yielded a wealth of new data. This new book distills the most important new findings to provide a timely overview of the field. ...

Epigenetics can have a significant impact on human health and disease susceptibility. Over the past few years, significant progress has occurred in this rapidly advancing field, and much key research has been published. This book has gathered together pioneers in the field of epigenetics to produce thought-provoking discussions on classic aspects of epigenetics and on the newer emerging areas. It includes topics on the impact of metabolism on ...

The distribution and function of microorganisms are of crucial importance for the flow of matter in the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Effects of microbial communities on the carbon and nitrogen cycles are particularly important for producing climate gases such as CO2, CH4, or N2O. However, the biogeochemical cycles are reversely impacted by global climate change, for example by increasing temperature, increasing CO2 concentration, or changing...

Members of the genus Shigella are responsible for bacillary dysentery and are of global public health importance. Shigella is one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhoea worldwide with greatly elevated morbidity and mortality in developing nations and especially among children. This book provides a thorough overview of current research on the cellular and molecular biology of Shigella. Expert authors have contributed authoritative and up-...

The field of virus evolution has developed during the past three decades from one considered by many to be esoteric and unimportant for human and agricultural health, to a major driver of our thinking about infectious diseases of plants and animals. The field has been spurred on during the past 30 years by emerging viral diseases such as HIV/AIDS, hantaviruses, SARS, MERS and Ebola, and discoveries of the quasispecies nature and potential for ...

The microbial bioremediation of contaminants is cost effective and reliable and a number of approaches are in widespread commercial use. Microbial bioremediation makes use of the metabolic activities of biofilm-dwelling microorganisms which are responsible for the majority of pollutant degradation in natural environments. In this book, renowned scientists from around the world provide up-to-date and authoritative reviews of the latest scientif...

Gas plasma is the fourth state of matter, alongside solid, liquid, and gas. There are many naturally-occurring events and man-made products related to gas plasma, including aurora, thunderstorms, high-intensity discharge headlamp bulbs, oxonizers, semiconductors, and solar battery panels. A gas plasma is generated by removing electrons from a gas, e.g. nitrogen gas, to produce a highly-excited mixture of charged nuclei and free electrons. It h...

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are the causative agents of significant morbidity and mortality among humans and domestic animals globally. They are maintained in complex biological life cycles, involving a primary vertebrate host and a primary arthropod vector. While all known arboviruses are zoonotic pathogens, their emergence as human pathogens is associated with dramatic increases of human population growth leading to uncontrolled ur...

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The timing is absolutely perfect for the publication of this informative and inspirational collection of articles ... The book is genuinely a brilliant resource ... an absolutely excellent book" (ChemMedChem) "vast amounts of new and relevant information" (Aus. J. Med. Sci.) "packed full of useful information ... I recommend this book as an essential reference" (Microbiology Today) "...an updated overview of the field ... insightful reading" (...

Infections caused by pathogenic fungi are a significant global problem, a situation exacerbated by the limited availability of good antifungal options. Being eukaryotic organisms, these pathogens are phylogenetically much closer to the human host than bacterial pathogens. This sets serious limits to the range of exploitable fungal-specific drug targets. The advent of 'omics' and other high throughput technologies in recent years has revolution...

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Acidophiles are life-forms that grow preferentially in natural or man-made environments where the pH is well below seven. Together with other categories of extremophiles, they have greatly expanded our knowledge of the diversity of life, our understanding on how microorganisms can adapt to seemingly hostile situations, and provided scenarios for the possibility that life-forms may be found outside of our solar system. Written by experts in the...

This authoritative volume will be indispensable for all microbiology laboratories" In this timely and up-to-date book, experts in the field provide an overview of the application of MALDI-TOF MS in key areas of microbiology and discuss the impact this modern technology is having on laboratory practice and patient outcome. Several chapters cover applications in clinical and veterinary diagnostic laboratories, food microbiology, environmental mi...

In this volume, a range of experts explore our current understanding of the biology of these important compounds, and identify the prospects for their use in medical and veterinary applications. In so doing, this volume introduces the vast diversity of bacteriocin molecules and mechanisms and brings readers to the cutting edge of a new 21st century approach to antibiotic discovery and design. Topics covered include: the natural history of bact...