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Tight junctions (TJ) close the gap between endothelial and epithelial cells against undesirable passage of water and solutes. The major protein families of the TJs include junctional adhesion molecules (JAM), claudins, angulins, and TJ-associated MARVEL proteins such as tricellulin and occludin. The majority of these proteins are related to the cytoskeleton through adapters such as zonula occludens (ZO) proteins. TJ proteins not only act as ba...

Viruses are microscopic and infectious microorganisms that are made up of genetic material enclosed in a protein coating. They cause a variety of serious infectious diseases including influenza, hepatitis, common cold, rabies, AIDS, smallpox, dengue fever and measles. Viruses are classified into four types based on the host cell that they infect, and these include plant viruses, bacteriophages, animal viruses and fungal viruses. Virology is th...

Single-cell analysis (SCA) refers to the study of metabolomics, transcriptomics, cell-cell interactions, genomics and proteomics at the single cell level. Various SCA techniques require isolation of individual cells. Currently, several methods are utilized for single cell isolation, such as laser capture microdissection, serial dilution, FACS, micromanipulation, dielectrophoretic digital sorting, and Raman tweezers. Laser capture microdissecti...

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins. They are divided into two categories, namely, housekeeping ncRNAs and regulatory ncRNAs. The main function of the ncRNAs is to maintain the normal cell functionalities. Small RNAs, ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), long ncRNAs and transfer RNAs are some types of non-coding RNAs, which are abundant and functionally significant. Numerous types of small and long non-coding RN...

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid which plays an integral role in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. Some of the different types of RNA are messenger RNA, non-coding RNA, small chain RNA and long chain RNA. Messenger RNA transmits the information from the DNA to the ribosome. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate the expression of genes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. There are two major subtypes of...

Sports performance analysis involves observing and recording events and actions during competitions and training environments. Its purpose is to assess and monitor the sporting performance using real-time and lapsed-time coding systems. There are three major notational coding methods used within this field, namely, time-motion, tactical and technical. These are considered with reference to analyses during match-play and training activities. Ef...

Physical education refers to an educational process which helps in developing specific understanding, knowledge and skills that encourage physical competence. It is useful to improve a sense of confidence among students. The common objective of physical education is to make students familiar with the basic elements of exercise that will help them in leading a healthy lifestyle. The adoption of physical activity in daily life also has an impact...

A stem refers to one of the primary structural axes of a vascular plant, while the other part is root. It provides support to fruits, leaves and flowers. It is also responsible for generating new living tissue, storing nutrients, and transporting water and dissolved substances among the shoots and roots in the phloem and xylem. There are two parts of the stem which include nodes and internodes. The majority of plants have stems that are above ...

Physical education and sport (PES) is a discipline that aims to transform students' potential with the help of available resources to help them act and progress. Physical education focuses on improving in human performance with the help of physical activities. The objective of PE is to teach the ways to acquire ability to develop strength, speed, endurance and coordination. It also focuses on acquiring social qualities like empathy, cooperatio...

Environmental science consists of the application of scientific and engineering principles to improve and maintain the environment to protect human health, to protect nature's beneficial ecosystems, and to improve environment-related quality of human life. Environmental engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the application of scientific and engineering principles to improve and maintain the quality of environment. While envir...

Environmental studies is a multidisciplinary academic field that investigates human interaction with the environment. It combines principles from economics, social sciences, physical sciences and humanities for addressing complicated modern environmental concerns. Environmental studies is a comprehensive field of study that encompasses both the built environment and the natural environment along with their interactions. It studies the basic pr...

Agriculture refers to the practice of raising livestock, cultivating soil and growing crops. It involves preparing plant and animal products for human consumption and distributing them to marketplaces. Fibers, raw materials, foods and fuels are the four major agricultural products. Agroecology is the application of ecological principles to agricultural processes and methods as well as the application of social justice principles to entire food...

Sustainable agriculture can be defined as the successful management of agricultural resources to satisfy the changing human needs and at the same time maintaining or enhancing the quality of the environment and conserving natural resources. Research on the science of sustainable agriculture is conducted within the field of agroecology. Sustainable agriculture can be achieved by adopting farming practices such as mixed farming, crop rotation an...

Agroecology refers to the use of ecological concepts and principles in farming. It contributes to sustainable development as it combines practices such as organic farming, regenerative agriculture, and permaculture. Agroecology enhances public efficiency by fostering integrated and inter-ministerial policy design and implementation. It provides farmers with greater flexibility in adapting to market fluctuations and climate change. It also prov...

Potassium is an essential macronutrient required for the growth and metabolism in plants. Its deficiency causes poor root development, slow growth, low disease resistance, delayed maturity, insufficient seed production, smaller seed production and lower yields. The potassium concentration in soil is little as a major part of potassium exists in insoluble form. It has been further depleted due to the rapid development of agriculture along with ...

The variability and variety of plant life which exists on the Earth is known as plant biodiversity. It faces threats from multiple sources such as extraction of resources, climate change, and human-driven disturbances. Remote sensing is a technology that enables the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object in contrast to in-situ or on-site observation. It uses satellites, drones, ...

Palynology is a scientific discipline that involves the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic planktonic organisms, in both living and fossil form. Palynology has several applications in areas such as aerobiology, archaeology, forensic science and crime scene investigation, and allergy studies. Botany makes use of living pollen and spores to study plant relationships and their evolutions. The study of pollen in honey, with the ...

The variability and variety of plant life which exists on the Earth is known as plant biodiversity. It faces threats from multiple sources such as extraction of resources, climate change, and human-driven disturbances. Remote sensing is a technology that enables the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object in contrast to in-situ or on-site observation. It uses satellites, drones, ...

Aquaponic food production systems integrate two production systems, namely, aquaculture and hydroponics in a single production system. Aquaculture is related to growing fish in a closed environment whereas hydroponics involves growing plants in a soil-less environment. Aquaponic systems offer an alternate technology solution for some of the major problems in the world such as population growth, urbanization, water shortages, land and soil degr...

Aquaponic food production systems integrate two production systems, namely, aquaculture and hydroponics in a single production system. Aquaculture is related to growing fish in a closed environment whereas hydroponics involves growing plants in a soil-less environment. Aquaponic systems offer an alternate technology solution for some of the major problems in the world such as population growth, urbanization, water shortages, land and soil degr...