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Latent variable models are a powerful tool for measuring many of the phenomena in which developmental psychologists are often interested. If these phenomena are not measured equally well among all participants, this would result in biased inferences about how they unfold throughout development. In the absence of such biases, measurement invariance is achieved, if this bias is present, differential item functioning (DIF) would occur. This Eleme...

This Element presents and critically discusses video-mediated communication by combining theories and empirical methods of multimodal studies and translanguaging. Since Covid-19 gained momentum, video-based interactions have become more and more ingrained in private and public lives and to the point of being fully incorporated in a wide range of community practices in personal, work and educational environments. The meaning making of video com...

Empathy provides a cognitive and emotional bridge that connects individuals and promotes prosocial behavior. People empathize with others via two complementary perceptual routes: Cognitive Empathy or the ability to accurately recognize and understand others' emotional states, and Affective Empathy or the ability to 'feel with' others. This Element reviews past and current research on both cognitive and affective empathy, focusing on behavioral...

Investment in infrastructure is critical to economic growth, quality of life, poverty reduction, access to education, good quality healthcare--i.e, a dynamic economy. Yet amid scarce public capital, heavily indebted governments and increased demands on government resources, infrastructure projects often suffer from investment shortfalls and inadequate maintenance. These challenges merit renewed efforts at finding additional sources of funding....

In the current climate emergency, it is no longer enough for businesses to simply employ environmental strategy typologies focused on 'greening the business' and maintaining the 'business-as-usual' logic. Gregorio Martín-de Castro and Javier Amores-Salvadó argue that disruptive business models and solutions are now required, and they propose a new regenerative strategy linking climate science to management studies. The main features of this st...

The Computational Theory of Mind says that the mind is a computing system. It has a long history going back to the idea that thought is a kind of computation. Its modern incarnation relies on analogies with contemporary computing technology and the use of computational models. It comes in many versions, some more plausible than others. This Element supports the theory primarily by its contribution to solving the mind-body problem, its ability ...

Wittgenstein said, 'really one should write philosophy only as one writes a poem'. This Element provides a comprehensive explanation of what he possibly meant by the statement, and why the statement is a correct description of Wittgenstein's philosophy. It connects the statement with Wittgenstein's idea of philosophical clarification, the methods he uses in it and the masters he acknowledges as the sources for his ways of 'moving his thought'....

Highlighting stylistic and rhetorical characteristics, this book explores the written form of Mandarin Chinese in a range of everyday settings, fully illustrated with pictures of the signs throughout. Authentic and up-to-date, it is ideal for students learning Chinese, as well as researchers interested in the linguistic landscape of China.

This volume offers a new point of entry into questions about how the law conceives of states and firms. Because states and firms are fictitious constructs rather than products of evolutionary biology, the law dictates which acts should be attributed to each entity, and by which actors. Those legal decisions construct firms and states by attributing identity and consequences to them. As the volume shows, these legal decisions are often products...

This text shares latest practices and lessons learned in generating new, innovative sources of revenues for infrastructure projects and methods of financing. These are critical building blocks for any infrastructure program and are becoming increasingly critical for practitioners, and those hoping to become practitioners"--

The Computational Theory of Mind says that the mind is a computing system. It has a long history going back to the idea that thought is a kind of computation. Its modern incarnation relies on analogies with contemporary computing technology and the use of computational models. It comes in many versions, some more plausible than others. This Element supports the theory primarily by its contribution to solving the mind-body problem, its ability ...

International commercial arbitration has become the dispute resolution method of choice for international business transactions. Both students and practitioners will benefit from this short, readable and comprehensive book, providing the legal and regulatory framework of the field, as well as practical strategies to follow and pitfalls to avoid"--

Defeat is the loss of justification for believing something in light of new information. This Element mainly aims to work towards developing a novel account of defeat. It distinguishes among three broad views in the epistemology of defeat: scepticism, internalism, and externalism and argues that that sceptical and internalist accounts of defeat are bound to remain unsatisfactory. As a result, any viable account of defeat must be externalist. W...

This Element explains and documents state-level fiscal developments in American Southern states from 1820-1910. Using an original, archival data set of annual tax revenues, we show that the economic interests of rural elites played a critical role in shaping the observed fiscal patterns within and across these states over this period.

International commercial arbitration has become the dispute resolution method of choice for international business transactions. Both students and practitioners will benefit from this short, readable and comprehensive book, providing the legal and regulatory framework of the field, as well as practical strategies to follow and pitfalls to avoid"--

Collective self-defence involves the use of military force to aid a state that is the innocent victim of aggression. However, it has often been abusively invoked as a pretext and risks escalating conflicts. Green analyses fundamental questions about the conceptual nature of collective self-defence and its legal requirements"--

This book is a uniquely accessible discussion of the sanctions and international trade measures deployed against Russia following its 2022 invasion of Ukraine. The book situates the sanctions response within its historical and economic backgrounds.

Benjamin Netanyahu has carefully cultivated a self-image as Israel's 'Mr. Security' during his decades of political activity. His reputation as a security-minded leader has resonated with large swathes of the Israeli public, enabling him to become Israel's longest-serving prime minister. Yet the Israeli security community has long questioned Netanyahu's approach to national security. The Netanyahu era has seen unprecedented civil-military tens...

Benjamin Netanyahu has carefully cultivated a self-image as Israel's 'Mr. Security' during his decades of political activity. His reputation as a security-minded leader has resonated with large swathes of the Israeli public, enabling him to become Israel's longest-serving prime minister. Yet the Israeli security community has long questioned Netanyahu's approach to national security. The Netanyahu era has seen unprecedented civil-military tens...

Political technology' is a Russian term for the professional engineering of politics. It has turned Russian politics into theatre and propaganda, and metastasised to take over foreign policy and weaponise history. The war against Ukraine is one outcome. In the West, spin doctors and political consultants do more than influence media or run campaigns: they have also helped build parallel universes of alternative political reality. Hungary has u...