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Frances Burney (1752-1840), also known as Fanny Burney and later Madame d'Arblay, was an English satirical novelist, diarist and playwright. Her first novel, Evelina, was published anonymously in 1778 but once her identity as the author was discovered it brought her immediate fame as the work was widely admired for its unique narrative and comic strengths. Of her four novels it was her most successful and remains the best regarded. Her second ...

First published in 1905 this book by William Carter Thomson offers the reader an insight into the workings of an American travelling circus at the beginning of the 20th century. He gives an account of the daily routine of the troupe whilst on tour and during the winter 'off season', explains the jargon peculiar to circus life, describes methods of transporation, including that of the performing animals, and offers many amusing anecdotes connec...

Riley Root (1795-1870) was an American teacher, inventor, farmer, and pioneer. He was born on his family's farm in Greene County, NY, and despite a limited early education later attended Westfield (Mass.) Academy to prepare for teaching, also taking a course in surveying. He taught school for several years and in 1821 purchased a farm in Camden, NY, where he resided until 1836 although he spent much time in the interim in surveying. In 1836 he...

Carolyn Wells (1862-1942) was an American writer and poet. She published around 170 books over the course of her career, initially concentrating on poetry, humour and children's books, before devoting herself to the mystery genre having been inspired by Anna Katharine Green's That Affair Next Door (1897). Among the best-known of Well's mysteries are her Fleming Stone detective stories. Before turning to adult fiction, Wells created several ser...

Stanley Washburn (1878-1950) was an American journalist, and specifically what was then known in the trade as a "cable man". This job owed its existence to the vast network of telegraph lines and undersea cables criss-crossing the world at the start of the 20th century, the first transpacific cable having been completed in 1903. Washburn chased down wars and political upheaval in any corner of the globe, tethered himself to a telegraph line an...

Daniel Garrison Brinton (1837-99) was an American surgeon, historian, archaeologist, and ethnologist. After graduating from Yale in 1858 he studied at Jefferson Medical College, later continuing his studies in Paris and Heidelberg. During the American Civil War he was a surgeon in the Union army, but suffered sun-stroke at the Third Battle of Chattanooga and was never after able to travel in very hot weather, a handicap that affected his caree...

Otto Weininger (1880-1903) was an Austrian philosopher, the son of a Jewish goldsmith, born in Vienna when it was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He studied philosophy and psychology at the University of Vienna, also taking courses in natural sciences and medicine. He acquired a knowledge of a wide range of languages, including Greek, Latin, French, and English, then later Spanish and Italian, and a smattering of the Scandinavian language...

Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856-1915) was an African American educator, author, orator, and adviser to multiple presidents of the United States, who, between 1890 and 1915, was the dominant leader in the African American community. He came from the last generation of black American leaders born into slavery and became the leading voice of the former slaves and their descendants. A key proponent of African American businesses and one of the ...

Ralph Delahaye Paine (1871-1925) was an American journalist and author popular in the early 20th century who later held both elected and appointed government offices. At Yale he was on the football and rowing teams and covered athletics for a news syndicate. He graduated in 1894, after which he worked for the Philadelphia Press until 1901. He was involved in an escapade during the Cuban War of Independence which led to him being indited for pi...

Francis Davis Millet (1848-1912) was an American academic classical painter, sculptor, and writer who died in the sinking of the Titanic on April 15th, 1912. Aged 15 he entered the Massachusetts regiment, first as a drummer boy and then a surgical assistant (helping his father, a surgeon) in the American Civil War. He later graduated from Harvard with a Master of Arts degree and worked as a reporter and editor for the Boston Courier and then a...

Edmund Hodgson Yates (1831-94) was a British journalist, novelist and dramatist. He was born in Edinburgh and educated at Highgate School in London from 1840-46 before taking a position as clerk in the General Post Office. He then embarked on a career in journalism, working on the Court Journal and then the Daily News. His first book, My Haunts and their Frequenters, was published in 1854, followed by a succession of novels and plays. As a con...

George Washburn Smalley (1833-1916) was an American journalist who was educated at Yale and Harvard Law School. He made his name as a battlefield correspondent for the New York Tribune during the American Civil War, famously reporting on the Battle of Antietam, and in 1866 established a London office of the paper where his dandyism and ability to adapt himself to aristocratic and Tory circles, thus abandoning his former liberal outlook, earned...

Dr. Arthur Albert St. M. Mouritz (1861-1943) served as a physician to the leper settlement in Moloka'i, Hawaii, from 1884-87. He was the author of The Path of the Destroyer: A History of Leprosy in the Hawaiian Islands and Thirty Years Research into the Means by Which It Has Been Spread (1916) and several other works including A Brief World History of Leprosy, Leprosy in China, and The Conquest of Smallpox: A Brief History of Vaccination, toge...

Charles Grafton Page (1812-68) was an American electrical experimenter and inventor, physician, patent examiner, patent advocate, and professor of chemistry. He began his career as an astute natural philosopher who developed innovative work with natural phenomena through direct observation and experimenting. Through his work Page developed a deep understanding of electromagnetism which he applied in the service of the US Patent Office in suppo...

Albert Bigelow Paine (1861-1937) was an American author and biographer best known for his close connection with Mark Twain, producing several biographical works on Twain, and editing collections of his letters and speeches. Paine was a member of the Pulitzer Prize Committee and wrote in several genres, including fiction for adults and children, humour, and verse. After working in the photographic business, in 1895 he moved to New York to becom...

Margaret Oliphant (1828-97) was a Scottish novelist and historical writer of the Victorian era who usually wrote as Mrs Oliphant. Her fictional works encompass domestic realism, the historical novel, and tales of the supernatural. As a girl she constantly experimented with writing and in 1849 her first novel Passages in the Life of Mrs Margaret Maitland was published. It was followed in 1851 by Caleb Field, and in that year she met the publish...

Margaret Oliphant (1828-97) was a Scottish novelist and historical writer of the Victorian era who usually wrote as Mrs Oliphant. Her fictional works encompass domestic realism, the historical novel, and tales of the supernatural. As a girl she constantly experimented with writing and in 1849 her first novel Passages in the Life of Mrs Margaret Maitland was published. It was followed in 1851 by Caleb Field, and in that year she met the publish...

Elias Hicks (1748-1830) was a travelling Quaker minister from Long Island, New York. A farmer's son, he was a carpenter by trade and in his early 20s became a Quaker like his father. In 1771 he married fellow Quaker Jemima Seaman at the Westbury Meeting House with whom he had 11 children, only five of whom survived to adulthood. Hicks eventually became a farmer too, settling on his wife's parents' farm in Jericho, NY. In 1778 he helped build t...

L T Meade was the pseudonym of Elizabeth Thomasina Meade Smith (1844-1914), a prolific writer of stories for girls. She was born in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland, the daughter of Rev R T Meade, and later moved to London where she married Alfred Toulmin Smith in 1879. She began writing at 17 and produced over 300 books in her lifetime, primarily juvenile fiction, of which the most famous was A World of Girls (1886). Her output also included adul...

Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) was an English journalist, short-story writer, poet and novelist born in India, which inspired much of his work. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries he was among the UK's most popular writers and was seen as an innovator in the art of the short story, whilst his children's books have become classics. In 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature as the first English-language writer to receive the...