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Reliable access to water, managing the spatial and temporal variability of water availability, ensuring the quality of freshwater and responding to climatological changes in the hydrological cycle are prerequisites for the development of countries in Africa. Water being an essential input for biomass growth and for renewable energy production (e.g. biofuels and hydropower schemes) plays an integral part in ensuring food and energy security for...

Current worldwide estimates suggest that approxiamtely 11% of all cancers are caused by viral infections. At present, there are eight viruses that have a strong association with cancer development namely, human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus, human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I, Merkel cell polyomavirus, hepatitis B and C viruses and human immunodeficiency virus. Some of these viruses and assoc...

This book is based on a Special Issue called "Marine Compounds and Cancer" (http://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs/special_issues/marine-compounds-cancer) of the open access journal, Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397), which was running for two years (2013-2015). It comprises 39 articles in total, a quarter of which are reviews, summarizing the current state of the art in different topics of marineanti-cancer agents. It covers the full scope from ...

Volume 2 "Issues in Child Welfare" is primarily concerned with how best to respond to maltreatment 'within' the family and hence has a range of papers which are much more concerned with the area of policy and practice more traditionally framed in terms of 'child welfare' and social work with children and families. It also includes a paper on how to respond to child maltreatment and neglect in a large hospital context.

Positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and the combined imaging modalities realised in the en-vogue hybrid technologies PET/CT and PET/MR represent the state-of-the-art diagnostic imaging technologies in nuclear medicine which are used for the highly sensitive non-invasive imaging of biological processes at the subcellular and molecular level in a respective patient for the visualisation of rath...

The topic of religion, violence and terrorism has drawn increasing attention from academic and terrorism experts, policymakers, government agencies, and the media globally. This Special Issue will be unique in that it will not only have several chapters on methodological issues but a majority devoted to contemporary case studies from major religious traditions. In each case, the author will initially give a brief background on the religious re...

Over the last decades, the study of extremophiles has providing ground breaking discoveries that challenge the paradigms of modern biology and make us rethink intriguing questions such as "what is life?", "what are the limits of life?", and "what are the fundamental features of life?". The mechanisms by which different microorganisms adapt to extreme environments provide a unique perspective on the fundamental characteristics of biological pro...

Catalyst deactivation, the loss over time of catalytic activity and/or selectivity, is a problem of great and continuing concern in the practice of industrial catalytic processes. Costs to industry for catalyst replacement and process shutdown total tens of billions of dollars per year. While catalyst deactivation is inevitable for most processes, some of its immediate, drastic consequences may be avoided, postponed, or even reversed. Accordin...

This book aims to provide an overview of developments in the heel prick screening programme in the Netherlands in which similarities with the situation elsewhere in the world, where relevant, will be mentioned. In the Netherlands, the preparations for the national screening programme started in 1964. The formal launch of the programme was on September 1, 1974. In 2014, therefore this programme had existed 40 years. The book is structured as ...

Play benefits all children, and has protective and preventative functions. Yet there is not a single, universally agreed definition of child health, nor of children's play. This makes insights from around the globe, highlighting the under-recognized link between the two, highly valuable. Theorists and practitioners evidence the healing power of play and positive health outcomes through interventions ranging from hospital clowning in Palestine,...

The priorities of energy policy, such as security of supply, efficient demand side management, the impacts on the environment, and the economic consequences of global warming, have not substantially changed in the last decade. However, the recent financial turmoil and geopolitical conflicts in sensitive areas, as well as technological innovation and the costs reductions of renewable technologies, have altered the basic conditions and cons...

This special issue book entitled "Micro/nanofluidic devices for Single Cell Analysis" is also uniquely comprehensive insofar as it not only deals with problems that are directly related to fluidics with cells such as a cell lysis, intracellular delivery, electrokinetic phenomenon, transport mechanism, flow resistance, molecular diffusion into cells, but also it deals with the advance concept of micro/nano fabrication and their chal...

Over the past decade, coastal and freshwater systems in the U.S. and worldwide have experienced an apparent increase in the frequency and geographic distribution of harmful algal blooms (HABs). These blooms can adversely affect both public health and ecosystem health. Toxin-producing HABs can accumulate in drinking and recreational waters and in foods of aquatic origin such as fish and seafood. Human and animal health risks include exposure to...

This Special Issue of Coatings is focused on the study of different photocatalyst-based coatings for developing self-cleaning, air-purifying and antibacterial properties. In this case, a wide variety of photocatalysts (TiO2, Si-TiO2, TiO2&minus, xNy, Ag-TiO2, Mo-TiO2, ZnO, SnO2-Ag, Nb2O5 and C60 fullerene) were evaluated towards the removal of different molecules. Similarly, substrates such as glass, silica, sapphire, polycarbonate, a...

Line-shape analysis is one of the most important tools for diagnostics of both laboratory and space plasmas. Its reliable implementation requires sufficiently accurate calculations, which imply the use of analytic methods and computer codes of varying complexity, and, necessarily, varying limits of applicability and accuracy. However, studies comparing different computational and analytic methods are almost non-existent. The Spectral Line Shap...

The well-known persistence in the nosocomial environment of multidrug resistant bacterial and fungal species, today responsible for a wide variety of healthcare-associated infections, is believed to be greatly promoted by the ability of most of them to adhere and to grow in sessile mode on mucosal and soft tissues of hospitalized patients, as well as on the inner and outer surfaces of indwelling medical devices, including intravenous c...

The development of new enzymes is one of the most thriving branches of biotechnology. Although the applications of enzymes are already well established in some areas, recent advances in modern biotechnology have revolutionized the development of new enzymes. The use of genetic engineering has further improved manufacturing processes and enabled the commercialization of enzymes that could previously not be produced. Protein engineering and the ...

Phytoalexins are low molecular weight antimicrobial compounds that are produced by plants as a response to biotic and abiotic stresses. As such they take part in an intricate defense system which enables plants to control invading microorganisms. In the 1950s, research on phytoalexins started with progress in their biochemistry and bio-organic chemistry, resulting in the determination of their structure, their biological activity, as w...

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After decades of being largely the preserve of countries in volcanic regions, the use of geothermal energy-for both heat and power applications-is now expanding worldwide. This reflects its excellent low-carbon credentials and its ability to offer baseload and dispatchable output - rare amongst the mainstream renewables. Yet uptake of geothermal still lags behind that of solar and wind, principally because of (i) uncertainties over resource av...