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The earth is experiencing the adverse effect of climate change. In response to growing global warming issues and the constant increase of energy prices, house-builders and housing manufacturers today are becoming more responsive to the delivery of net zero energy and carbon dioxide emission sustainable homes than ever. Within this context, the sustainability may embrace housing economy and adequacy beyond the legitimacy in which the quality ba...

China's road to sustainability has attracted global attention. Since the "Reform & Opening Up" policy, China's rapid pace of both urbanization and industrialization has made its being the second largest economy but meantime a heavy environmental price has been paid over the past few decades for addressing the economic developmental target. Today, as the biggest developing country, China needs to take more responsibilities for construc...

The mechanical behavior of biomedical materials and biological tissues are important for their proper function. This holds true, not only for biomaterials and tissues whose main function is structural such as skeletal tissues and their synthetic substitutes, but also for other tissues and biomaterials. Moreover, there is an intimate relationship between mechanics and biology at different spatial and temporal scales. It is therefore important t...

The field of optomechatronics provides synergistic effects of optics, mechanics and electronics for efficient sensor development. Optical sensors for the measurement of mechanical quantities, equipped with appropriate electronic signal (pre)processing means have a wide range of applications, from surface testing, stress monitoring, thin film analysis to biochemical sensing. The aim of this special issue is to provide an overview of act...

The subjects of the presented papers cover a wide range of challenges in the area of inorganic fullerene-like nanoparticles and nanotubes. However, it can include only a few comprehensive experimental and theoretical efforts, stepwise evaluating the rationalization of the synthesis, and elucidation of the stability, mechanical, electronic and adhesive properties of these nanostructures. We believe that this thematic issue can be helpful, not o...

Climate change will bring about significant changes to the capacity of, and the demand on, water resources. The resulting changes include increasing climate variability that is expected to affect hydrologic conditions. The effects of climate variability on various meteorological variables have been extensively observed in many regions around the world. Atmospheric circulation, topography, land use and other regional features modify gl...

The field of reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has moved very quickly, from bench to bedside in just eight years since its first discovery. The best example of this is the RIKEN clinical trial this year in Japan, which will use iPSC derived retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells to treat macular degeneration (MD). This is the first human disease to be tested for regeneration and repair by iPSC-derived cel...

Biological pathways, such as signaling networks, are a key component of biological systems of each living cell. In fact, malfunctions of signaling pathways are linked to a number of diseases, and components of signaling pathways are used as potential drug targets. Elucidating the dynamic behavior of the components of pathways, and their interactions, is one of the key research areas of systems biology. Biological signaling networks a...

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrition of trees has been studied for many decades, but has largely been focused on inorganic nutrient uptake and leaf level nutrient contents. In recent years it became obvious that N and P cycling at the ecosystem level is of vital importance for tree nutrition and that organic N uptake by trees is an essential part of ecosystem N cycling, in particular on N and/or P poor soils, and in cooler climates. The s...

Polyoxometalates (POMs), known since the mid-18th century, have fascinated generations of researchers and continue to attract promising young scientists to date. Ever since the first pioneering investigations into the manifold structures and properties of POMs, polyoxometalate chemistry emerged as an independent and highly productive area of research, with constant and exciting new developments from an exceptionally wide range of scientific di...

The use of agent-based models (ABMs) and modelling for understanding landscape change and dynamics continues to grow. One reason for the popularity of ABMs is that they provide a framework to represent multiple, discrete, multi-faceted, heterogeneous actors (human or otherwise) and their relationships and interactions between one another and their environment, through time and across space. This collection showcases innovative uses of ABMs for...

Contemporary views of "livable communities" maintain that density and diversity are good for cities. Healthy communities are more pedestrian-friendly and less automobile-centric. Mixed use zoning keeps a flow of people through parks, streets, neighborhoods, and districts, which is good for business, safety, and tourism. Dwellings are human scale and locally-sourced food is more sustainable for the environment and healthier for individuals. ...

Geosciences | Special Issue : Medical Geology: Impacts of the Natural Environment on Public Health All living organisms are composed of major, minor, and trace elements, given by nature and supplied by geology. Medical geology is a rapidly growing discipline dealing with the influence of natural geological and environmental risk factors on the distribution of health problems in humans and animals. As a multi-disciplinary scientific fie...

This Special Issue includes expanded academic papers selected from the forthcoming BBNZ 2014 Conference. The 2014 Building a Better New Zealand conference was held at The Rendezvous Hotel, Auckland, from 3 September 2014 to 5 September 2014. Themes: &bull, Achieving Better Buildings &bull, Improving the Performance of Materials &bull, Improving the performance of existing buildings &bull, Sustainability &bull, Productivity &b...

Polar microbiology is a promising field of research that can tell us much about the fundamental features of life. The microorganisms that inhabit Arctic and Antarctic environments are important not only because of the unique species they represent, but also because of their diverse and unusual physiological and biochemical properties. Furthermore, microorganisms living in Polar Regions provide useful models for general questions in ...

Greenhouse-gas emissions have become one of the most impacting environmental issues in today's society. A rapidly increasing trend in global CO2emissions particularly since the early nineties (23.64% since 1990) has led to the generation of about 50, 000 million tons of CO2-equivalent (eqv) worldwide in 2010. According to mainstream climate experts, the increasing concentration of greenhouse-gases is having a warming effect on the world climat...

The present book is divided into two parts. Part I comprises four chapters which review the current state of the art in different areas of research on 2D materials and devices. Chapter 1 provides an excellent overview of the status of 2D material synthesis and puts special emphasis on the scalability of the discussed techniques and the attainable 2D material quality. Chapter 2 presents an overview on recent progress in the field of flexible gr...

Remote Sensing | Special Issue : Remote Sensed Data and Processing Methodologies for 3D Virtual Reconstruction and Visualization of Complex Architectures In recent years, the topic of 3D reconstruction and modeling of complex architectures from remotely acquired multiple data sources has been of growing interest. This "democratization" of 3D modeling processes and the large availability of data is, however, not always followed by relia...

Oxidative stress is now a well-researched area with thousands of new articles appearing every year. We want to give the reader here an overview of the topics in biomedical and basic oxidative stress research which are covered by the authors of this thematic issue. We also want to give the newcomer a short introduction into some of the basic concepts, definitions and analytical procedures used in this field.

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