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Aerogel are low-density solid-state substances generated from gel in which the liquid portion has been swapped out for a gaseous substance. They are made up of many air-filled pores that make up the majority of their volume and have a complex internal structure of cross-linked chains of component molecules. The goal of aerogel synthesis is to produce a porous, very light material in which a gel's liquid component has been swapped out for gas w...

The last four decades have shown rapid advancement in sensing techniques, photonics, and optoelectronics devices. Various sensing techniques, such as optical, electrical, mechanical, and piezoelectric, are available. The optical biosensor is a popular candidate for detecting and examining molecular interactions from the last decades (Cooper, 2002, Bhalla et al., 2016). Firstly, the optical biosensor was introduced in 1980s (Cooper, 2002). Vari...

A material in which one of its dimensions is of the order of one thousand millionth of a meter is said to be a nano material. A nano meter (nm) is one thousand millionth of a meter (10-9 m).   For example in nature RBC ( red blood cell) is approximately 7, 000 nm wide, size of the   water molecule is nearly 0.3nm, 5 hydrogen atoms in a line are about 0.5 nm, a sand grain is about 1 millimetre, the thickness of a  sheet of paper is about  100, ...

Food craving can be de¿ned as "an intense desire to consume a particular food or food type that is dif¿cult to resist" (White et al. (2002), Weingarten and El- ston (1990)) and thus food craving has been identi¿ed as one possible precursor to overeating (Gendall et al. (1998)). The speci¿city of the food or type of food item differentiates between food craving and hunger since a particular food or type of food alleviates the craving, whereas h...

The healthcare industry is not similar like other industries. Healthcare is a sector that is of high priority, where the people expect very high level of care and service (Laurenza E et al. 2018). However, until now this did not satisfy the expectations socially, even though it is allocated with larger percentage of budget. Until date, only professional medical expert does interpretation of medical dataset (like endoscopy images). However, thi...

Hundreds to thousands of nodes were present in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Wireless sensor depends on the systems that can be effectively deployed in use, such as industrial home computerization, structural monitoring, smart structure, and others. In several IOT and WSN, the data produced by an individual unit or the node is of restricted use and does not have information about its position. The location of data is required in detail ph...

Molten salt is salt that, at normal temperature and pressure, is in the solid phase but has transitioned to the liquid phase due to a rise in temperature. In a similar vein, these salts are renowned for their long- term temperature retention abilities. This higher kind of salt discovered its unique uses in thermal energy storage applications for molten salts technology. Although this salt has a higher potential to retain heat energy, an appare...

The diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a comorbidity of diabetic's mellitus. The term diabetic is defined as "Irregular protein breakage of glucose (sugar) caused due to insignificant supply of insulin". According to World Health Organization (WHO) report FY 2019-20, it is reported that, 422 million patients have detected positive and have deemed to be "Diabetic" in nature. These patients develop various co- ill'ment and diabetic retinopathy is one ...

The design and synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid composite catalysts are highly desirable in industrial applications. Many active homogeneous catalysts, particularly organometallic complexes were developed to catalyze several important organic reactions (Shelke et al., 2018, Shende et al., 2019). Nevertheless, supported catalysts are preferable due to operational simplicity, ease of separation and recyclability as well as to limit quantiti...

Mental health issues are one of the top reasons for global disability. Three of the top 10 reasons for disability in people between the age of 15 and 44 are mental disorders (World Health Report, 2002). Experiencing a lot of stress or anxiety over a long period of time can be the main cause of mental illness. Stress is an inherent part of life that can have major repercussions for social and emotional functioning, leading to the emergence of m...

The origin of life on this earth is as yet an unsolved mystery for scientists since the processes and pathways that lead from basic chemical building blocks to self- replicating cells are not yet clearly understood. Explaining the emergence and even- tual proliferation of large functional biomolecules in the absence of catalysts has been a long-standing hurdle in this regard. Such biomolecules must have preceded the Last Universal Common Ances...

Data mining is the process of analysing large sets of data in order to discover meaningful patterns and relationships. It involves using a combination of statistical analysis, machine learning algorithms, and data visualization techniques to uncover hidden insights that can inform business decisions or provide new insights into a particular field. One of the key benefits of data mining is its ability to extract valuable insights from vast amou...

Materials on a scale of 1 - 100 nm have demonstrated that the properties are dependent on their size and shape. [1-3] The non-existence of symmetry at the interface or electron confinement, which is not linear in size, contributes to the creation of new properties on a nanoscale. [1] Thus, the materials at the nanometer scale (1 - 100 nm) contain a cluster of atoms or molecules whose properties are neither of their constituents nor that of the...

The economy of a country or region relies vigorously on an efficient and dependable transportation system to provide accessibility and promote the safe and efficient movement of individuals and merchandise. In fact, the transportation framework has been identified by (Nicholson and Du 1997) as the most significant lifesaver in case of natural disasters, for example, earth shudders, floods, hurricanes, and others. Rebuilding of different life s...

X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) is widely used technique for detection of elements in a given material and to study its composition. In the photoelectric process, an incident radiation of energy (E) more than the threshold limit (WO) of bound electron in any atomic shell strikes the electron and gets entirely consumed and the electron with kinetic energy equal to (E-WO) is fired out, resulting in photoelectric emission (Grieken and Markowicz, 2OO2). ...

Molecular self-assembly is a creative process in which molecules interact with each other through weak non-covalent interaction in a bottom-up approach and spontaneously self- assemble into a defined arrangement of a larger structure.1-3 This is a fundamental concept of supramolecular chemistry.4 The non-covalent interactions that drive the formation of self- assembled structures are H-bonding, electrostatic interaction, dipole-dipole interact...

The oceans compass various source of biologically active compounds, of which macroalgae and microalgae are the most prolific producers to withhold high medicinal prospectives (Samrot and Thirunalasundari, 2012, Renitta et al., 2020). Mostly, microalgae are found in benthic, coasta and throughout the sea and macroalgae or seaweeds were spotted in the coastal region. Macroalgae are eukaryotic organisms present in salt- or freshwater and have bee...

Owing to the faster growth in scientific research tools and approaches, evolution around the world is performed very fast. While considering various advancements in the recent research field, human requires in various lifestyles like entertainment, health, and so on (Shiba et al. 2010). Among various fields, healthcare is the emerging one related to human life. Thus, it inspires a very active market and a huge range of research funding. Accord...

Internet of Things (IoT) is the connectivity of the physical devices and objects that are used in daily life, these devices are connected over the internet network. It is connected to different types of objects which communicate with each other through various sensors actuators, and processors. The goal of IoT is to attain a high degree of intelligence with the least human intervention (Sethi and Sarangi., 2017). IoT brings automation and inte...

The idea of a classical computer is well known to us. A computer in its rudimentary form is a device that takes information in terms of classical bits, performs logic gates on the bits and yields output-bits. Whereas a quantum computer (QC) uses two-level quantum systems (qubits) for computation. In QC's the qubits are typically initialized in a desired state or a superposition state. Then unitary rotations (gate-operations) are applied and ¿n...