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Chemoinformatics refers to the study of vast quantities of chemical information. It is also known as cheminformatics and chemical informatics. The link between chemical structure, chemical characteristics, and molecular activity can be examined using this data. It is done with the help of computers, software and simulations. Pharmaceutical companies employ these techniques to discover novel drugs. New drug development is a time-consuming proce...

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a diverse group of medical conditions which are characterized by difficulties in interacting and communicating socially. Other characteristics include atypical patterns of behavior and activity, like difficulty in paying attention to details, switching from one activity to another and odd responses to sensations. These issues in ASD affected people might range from minor to severe. The initial symptoms of th...

Ataxia is a term used to refer to a group of neurological diseases that are characterized by a lack of voluntary muscle coordination, movements, balance and speech. It indicates damage to one or more parts of the neurological system that controls movement, such as the cerebellum part of the brain. There are three major types of ataxia, namely, cerebellar, sensory, and vestibular ataxia. The most common symptoms of this disease are speech chang...

Arthritis is a condition involving joint inflammation. It may impact a single joint or a number of joints. The stiffness and pain in joints are the primary signs of arthritis and these symptoms get worse with age. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are the two of its most prevalent forms. Various factors contributing to arthritis include overuse of a joint, weakened muscles and autoimmune diseases. There are various risk factors of arthri...

Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is a family of viruses, which causes illnesses like Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and common cold. Diabetes is a complex chronic disease characterized by dysregulation of blood glucose levels in the body. It is caused by a complete deficiency of insulin or body inability to utilize insulin. There are various factors present in diabetes that are likely to increas...

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are elements enfolded in a lipid bilayer membrane. Similar to exosomes, they are released by all living cells. They comprise a variety of bioactive molecules such as lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites and proteins. EVs have potential as a target for liquid biopsies because they can be detected in nearly all types of body fluids, including breast milk, blood, saliva, ascites and urine. Tumor-secreted EVs are importa...

Heparin refers to a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan which is used as a type of drug. These drugs are classified as anticoagulants since they rely on the activity of antithrombin. Heparin is primarily utilized to treat unstable angina and heart attacks. It is administered through injection into a vein under the skin. Its other applications include usage in kidney dialysis machines and inside test tubes. It is an unfractionated mixture of ...

Pharmacogenomics refers to the study of the influence of genes in an individual's response to drugs. This field draws from two fields, namely, pharmacology and genomics. It aims at developing safe and effective medications that can be prescribed based on an individual's genetic makeup. Pharmacogenomics involves the use of genetics to reduce unfavorable drug responses, enhance drug therapies and increase drug efficacy. The use of pharmacogenomi...

Stem cells are the cells in the body from which other cells with specialized functions are generated. They give rise to diverse mature cells, and have the capability to differentiate and self-renew. Stem cells have a significant potential to improve the function of damaged organs or tissues, regenerate biologically, and repair themselves. There are two types of cells, which can be used for cardiac repair, including somatic stem cells and allog...

Nervous tissue is referred to as the primary tissue component of the nervous system. It can be found in the nerves, brain and spinal cord. Glial cells and neurons are the two types of cells that make up nervous tissue. Neurons are responsible for the communication and computation provided by the nervous system. Glial cells play a supporting role for nervous tissues and are considerably smaller than neurons. They enhance signal conduction withi...

Renal diseases or kidney diseases are a set of chronic diseases or conditions that affect the functioning of the kidneys. They are classified into two major categories, namely, inflammatory kidney diseases (nephritis) or non-inflammatory kidney diseases (nephrosis). A biomarker or biologic marker is a measurable indicator of a specific biological state, particularly one relevant to the risk for, presence of, or stage of a disease. Biomarkers o...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs found in plants, animals and some viruses. They play a significant role in the regulation of gene expressions and are involved in all physiological processes. These physiological processes include development and differentiation, heart function, metabolism, hemostasis, and apoptosis. The alteration of the miRNA function is associated with some diseases and disorders such as cancer, inherited di...

Modern medicine and biology studies are becoming overly complex. As a result, modeling and simulation are increasingly being used as a strategy that helps in understanding and predicting the pathophysiology, disease genesis, and disease spread for clinical and policy decisions. Modeling and simulation refers to the use of a physical or logical representation of a given system to generate data and helps in making decisions about a system. Compu...

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a type of viral infection that commonly causes skin or mucous membrane growth or warts. It is considered as one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted diseases globally in both men and women. HPV infection can also be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. Different types of warts depending on the type of HPV include genital warts, common warts, plantar warts, and flat warts. There are several ri...

Viruses are microorganisms that replicate only inside the living cells of an organism, such as animals, plants, and microorganisms such as bacteria and archaea. Molecular virology refers to the study of viruses at the level of nucleic acids and proteins. The proliferation of one or more harmful viruses within the body of a host is called a viral infection. Molecular virology seeks to study cellular function and virus biology in order to develo...

The immune system protects the human body against harmful microbes such as bacteria, viruses, and also against parasites. It is composed of a network of intricate stages and pathways in the body. Several factors including older age, environmental toxins, excess weight, poor diet and chronic diseases can weaken the immune system. Malnutrition or poor diet can potentially impair the production and activity of immune cells and antibodies. The imm...

Cardiovascular imaging encompasses cardiac imaging and vascular imaging. Cardiac imaging focuses on the non-invasive imaging of the heart through techniques such as MRI, CT scan and ultrasound. Vascular imaging refers to a set of diagnostic procedures used to evaluate the condition of the blood vessels. There are several techniques that are used to generate the images of the blood vessels. Carotid duplex ultrasound is a type of vascular imagin...

Liver is an integral part of the process of metabolism. It helps in the preservation and regulation of the lipid and glucose levels in the body, as well as in energy metabolism. The most common metabolic diseases which can affect the liver are Wilson disease, hereditary hemochromatosis, and Alpha-I antitrypsin deficiency (AATD). Some of the other types of disorders which affect the liver are infections, immune system issues, cancers, and herit...

Psychiatry is a specialty of medical science that is concerned with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Some of the subspecialties within this area of medicine are neuropsychiatry, addiction psychiatry, sleep medicine, child and adolescent psychiatry and social psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry studies psychiatry from a neurological perspective, in order to attribute and understand the behavior and its interaction with socia...

Pulmonary drug delivery refers to all the techniques used to deliver drugs and aerosols to the respiratory epithelium and epithelial cells directly through inhalation. It is used as a targeted therapy for the treatment of respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and lung cancer. Drug delivery through the pulmonary route offers the distinct advantages of high bioavailability and no first-pass effect, which make...