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Kinematics refers to the study of motion in a system of bodies, which does not directly take into account the potential fields or forces influencing the motion. It uses numbers, words, equations, diagrams, and graphs to explain the motion of objects. Kinematic motion can be influenced by three different types of forces, which include gravity, contact force, and fluid pressure. In astrophysics, kinematics is used to explain the motion of celest...

Electrical machinery and power converters are the two main parts of any electrical energy conversion system. Electrical machines are used for achieving power conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. Power conversion is done with the help of a power converter. The primary function of a power converter is to convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) and vice versa. It is also used to change the volta...

Communism refers to a far-left political, philosophical, economic and social ideology, which aims to form a communist society. It endeavors to establish a society wherein everyone benefits from labor equally, and put an end to the class system through income redistribution. Communist philosophy opposes private property and advocates collective ownership. The term intellectual refers to a person who engages in thinking about the issues within t...

Migration refers to the movement of people from one location to another for various reasons including better security, escaping poverty, pursuing higher education, finding better jobs, escaping human rights violations, and achieving socio-economic equality. Poverty is a condition of having low level of income or lack of material possessions. It can be caused due to a variety of political, social and economic factors. Socioeconomic inequality r...

Engineering is a field of study that involves the creative application of science, mathematical methods and empirical evidence for developing products, services or processes that help solve some human problem or fulfill a human need. Entrepreneurship refers to the process of creating, launching and operating a new business in expectation of earning a profit from business activities. It is essential for achieving economic growth at domestic and...

Southeast Asia is a diverse region, which hosts a broad range of political systems, ecosystems, economies, religions, ethnicities and languages. This diversity has resulted in the need for development, which coexists with urbanization. Southeast Asian countries have rapidly transitioned from a largely rural to a largely urban society, which has led to a rapid expansion in urban lands. These countries have the potential to change their economie...

Control systems engineering refers to a field of engineering that deals with the principles of control theory in order to create systems that produce the desired behaviors in a controlled way. It focuses on the design and analysis of systems in order to increase the stability, response speed, and accuracy of the system. Control systems engineering necessitates an extensive skill set that encompasses mechanical, electrical, and software systems...

Integrated circuit (IC) design refers to a branch of electronics engineering that deals with the specific logic and circuit design methods required for creating integrated circuits. They are made up of miniaturized electronic components that are assembled into an electrical network on a monolithic semiconductor substrate through photolithography. IC design has been primarily categorized into two types including analog and digital IC design. Th...

An internal combustion engine (IC engine) refers to a type of heat engine wherein the combustion of fuel occurs with the help of an oxidizer in the combustion chamber, which is a significant part of the working fluid circuit. The expansion of the high-pressure and high-temperature gases generated through combustion puts direct force on certain components of an IC engine. Usually, the force is applied to turbine blades, pistons, a nozzle, or a ...

Digital electronics refers to a branch of electronics concerned with the study of digital signals as well as components which use or generate them. Digital electronic circuits are typically constructed from large assemblies of logic gates which are packed in integrated circuits. The digital circuit is made up of several components serving a specific purpose. These components are classified into two types, including active components and passiv...

Circuit analysis is the process of finding all the currents and voltages in each element of an electrical or electronic circuit. Informally, circuit analysis is also known as solving a circuit. The different components of a circuit are resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes. Circuit analysis deals with the calculation of unknown electrical circuit quantities such as voltage, current, resistance, impedance, power, etc. There a...

A machine refers to a physical system, which utilizes power for applying forces and regulating movement in order to complete an action. The theory of machines is an engineering science discipline that studies the relative motion of several machine parts as well as the forces acting on them. It is categorized into four branches, namely, kinetic, kinematics, statics, and dynamics. Kinematics is a branch of physics, which defines the motion of bo...

Engineering chemistry is one of the branches of engineering involved in the integrated study of organic chemistry, analytical chemistry and electrochemistry. It deals with the operation and design of chemical plants and methods to improve production. This branch employs the principles of various fields such as chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology and economics, in order to efficiently use, produce, design, transport and transform energy an...

Electrical engineering refers to a branch of engineering that focuses on the design, research, and use of systems, machinery, and gadgets that rely on electromagnetism, electricity, and electronics. Instrumentation engineering is the science of measuring and controlling process variables in an industrial or production area. Electrical and instrumentation engineering (EIE) is a subfield of electrical engineering that deals with managing equipme...

Poverty refers to a situation or state in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and necessities essential for maintaining a minimum standard of living. It usually has multiple economic, social, and political causes and effects. Poverty-ridden individuals and households are often unable to make ends meet and they seldom have access to proper housing, clean water, healthy food, and medical facilities. Poverty reduction is a s...

A foundation refers to the part of the structure that bears the load of the superstructure (structure above the plinth level) and also transfers the load from the structure to the ground/soil. Foundation engineering is a branch of civil engineering involved in the study and design of structures below the plinth level. It deals with the application of soil mechanics and rock mechanics in the design of foundation elements of structures. The desi...

Synchrotron radiation (SR) refers to the electromagnetic radiation produced when relativistic charged particles experience an acceleration perpendicular to their velocity. It is created artificially in particle accelerators or naturally by fast electrons moving through magnetic fields. An SR source is a source that emits electromagnetic radiation (EM) through a storage ring or bending magnets for technical and scientific purposes. The techniqu...

Civil engineering refers to a professional engineering discipline concerned with the design, building and maintenance of physical and naturally created environment including dams, roads, railways, sewage systems, bridges, airports, canals, pipelines, buildings and their structural components. Civil engineering is traditionally divided into several sub-disciplines. It is related with the knowledge of materials science, structures, geology, geog...

The Internet of things (IoT) refers to physical objects equipped with software, sensors, processing capability and other technologies which communicate and exchange data with other systems and devices through the Internet or other communication networks. This field has developed because of the convergence of numerous technologies, such as commodity sensors, machine learning, ubiquitous computing and increasingly powerful embedded systems. Trad...

Utilitarianism is an ethical philosophy that promotes actions that foster happiness or pleasure, and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm. This philosophy works towards the betterment of the society when making social, economic and political decisions. Utilitarianism advocates that if a decision positively affects the maximum number of people, the decision should be accepted even if it negatively affects a small number of people. It c...