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Arbitration refers to a method of resolving disputes in which both the parties engaged in the dispute agree to have their disputes resolved by one or more private individuals known as arbitrators, rather than by a court of law. International arbitration refers to the arbitration between individuals or companies belonging to different countries. For dispute resolution through arbitration, the agreement of the parties is essential. The consent o...

The Palaeolithic period refers to an ancient cultural stage or level of human development identified as the time period in which rudimentary chipped stone tools were first utilized. The three phases of the Palaeolithic age are lower Palaeolithic, middle Palaeolithic and upper Palaeolithic. Humans lived nomadic lives during the lower Palaeolithic age and remains from this age have been found in Africa and Western Europe. Humans primarily discov...

The criminal justice system refers to the network of government and private agencies intended to manage the accused and convicted criminals. It consists of three fundamental components that include law enforcement agencies, judiciary, and the correctional systems, which include social welfare agencies. Crime, its prevention and punishment have been central concerns for social welfare policy since there has been a formalized system of social we...

Cultural diplomacy is a concept that refers to the exchange of ideas, information, art, and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples. The primary objective of cultural diplomacy is to foster mutual understanding. It is a policy field, which allows the states to mobilize their cultural resources in order to achieve foreign policy goals. The goal of cultural diplomacy is to develop relations between people to influence and win su...

Global governance refers to the institutions that coordinate the behavior of transnational actors, facilitate cooperation, resolve disputes, and alleviate collective action problems. Institutions involved in global governance are responsible for making, monitoring and enforcing rules. Within global governance, a variety of actors such as states and non-state actors, markets, citizens and organizations articulate their collective interests on t...

Civil society organizations are an essential component of societies all over the world. They are the primary partners of the state alongside the private sector which contributes in the development of civil society. Global civil society refers to the network of organizations that operate across borders and outside the reach of governments. It encompasses a range of social actors that offer an alternative to the contemporary politics and a path ...

The term family policy refers to social programs, laws, and public directives, which are designed to promote marriages, reproduction, and raising children. These policies also ensure child protection, and child and spousal support, and seek to resolve differences between work and family. Family policies are usually laid down by the state but employers or voluntary organizations may also establish them. The state comprises the legislature and g...

Computer and information science (CIS) is a field of study that focuses on maximizing the effectiveness, speed and security of communications. This field integrates computing and information sciences (including informatics). Computing involves the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes and development of hardware and software. Informatics refers to the study of the behavior, interactions and structure of any system that generates, ...

The term family policy refers to social programs, laws, and public directives, which are designed to promote marriages, reproduction, and raising children. These policies also ensure child protection, and child and spousal support, and seek to resolve differences between work and family. Family policies are usually laid down by the state but employers or voluntary organizations may also establish them. The state comprises the legislature and g...

Heat transfer refers to a branch of thermal engineering which deals with the conversion, generation, exchange and utilization of thermal energy within physical systems. There are several mechanisms of heat transfer including thermal radiation, heat conduction and heat convection. There are various examples of heat transfer, such as greenhouse effect, refrigeration and maintenance of optimum temperature within the human body. Heat-transfer prin...

The use of computers to design two-dimensional or three-dimensional models of physical objects is known as computer-aided design. Computer-aided design (CAD) systems and software are used to prepare drawings and specifications in architecture, electronics and automotive engineering. Mathematical models and numerical functions are crucial components of the three-dimensional (3D) models. Raster and vector graphics are the two methods of CAD. The...

Conflict management refers to the practice of resolving disagreements and disputes between two or more parties. It involves the steps taken to prevent a conflict at the correct time and also aids in resolving the conflict in a smooth and efficient manner. It seeks to reduce the detrimental elements impacting the conflict and encourage all participants to reach an agreement. Peacebuilding is a long-term process that takes place after a violent ...

School buildings can be defined as establishments where education is imparted to children. Essential components of a school building are classrooms, subject rooms, playground, hostels, school libraries, laboratories, school office and assembly hall. A school building must include a variety of spaces for education along with space for recreational activities that foster a positive pedagogical environment for children. Classrooms are the most im...

Computer engineering is a subfield of electrical engineering that combines the fields of electronics engineering and computer science required for creating computer software and hardware. The set of instructions that is stored and helps run the hardware comprise the software components. The physical parts of a computer such as mouse, the central processing unit (CPU), storage, and printer are the hardware components. The main activities of com...

The discipline which involves the study of information, computation and automation is known as computer science. It can be broadly divided into theoretical computer science, applied computer science and computer systems. Theoretical computer science (TCS) refers to a branch of mathematics and computer science that focuses on the mathematical aspects of computer science such as type theory, lambda calculus and the theory of computation. Applied...

Intelligent data analysis (IDA) is a method for discovering useful and intriguing information from data to aid in decision making. An IDA task comprises prediction, knowledge discovery, process or system modeling, and constructing knowledge based systems. There are numerous applications of IDA methods in various fields, including finance, marketing, agriculture, and medicine. The demand and availability of more advanced IDA methods has grown i...

Computer system verification is an activity that involves assessing the consistency, completeness, and correctness of the software and its supporting documentation while it is being developed. It confirms and reviews the tasks within the computer system validation process. Computer system validation (CSV), or software validation, is the process for verifying that a computer system is able to perform its intended use, and can function as expect...

There are certain behaviors in society that are considered to be in violation of the established laws. In order to maintain law and order, the legal structure of the country criminalizes such behaviors. Criminal law serves as a principal tool to combat crime, punish and reform the criminals, and maintain the law and order in the society. Criminal justice systems refer to the government agencies that are responsible for enforcing law, adjudicat...

A programming language refers to a set of rules for converting strings or graphical program elements to several types of machine code output. They are used to implement algorithms in computer programming. The description of a programming language is typically divided into two components, which include semantics and syntax, that are normally defined by a formal language. Specification document defines the programming language in certain cases, ...

The application of physics, engineering mathematics, materials science and engineering for designing, analyzing, maintaining and manufacturing mechanical systems is known as mechanical engineering. It makes use of core principles from a large number of areas such as structural analysis, mechanics, dynamics and thermodynamics. Structural analysis is devoted towards analyzing the reasons behind the failure of objects and fixing them. Mechanics s...