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Veterinary microbiology is a field of microbiology that is concerned with bacterial and viral diseases of vertebrate animals, which are domesticated for providing food supply, companionship, or other useful products. These diseases have significance in veterinary medicine, as they have the capability for inducing illnesses in livestock and domesticated animals and causing economic loss. Furthermore, they are a significant threat towards animal...

Livestock animals may be affected by infectious diseases caused by parasites such as tsetse flies, ticks, mosquitoes, and Culicoides midges, or by microorganisms such as viruses, fungi and bacteria. Some of the examples of infectious diseases in animals include bovine virus diarrhea (BVD), tuberculosis, Johne's disease, and brucellosis. Infectious diseases in animals are caused due to factors such as the addition of new member to a herd and co...

Water resources refer to the wide range of natural water that exist on the Earth, irrespective of their form. The waterof the lakes, oceans and rivers are the most accessible sources of usable water. Deep subsurface waters, permanent snowfields, groundwater and glaciers are other sources of accessible water. Changing weather patterns can result in climate change, whicin turn can can lead to water scarcity, extreme weather event, contaminated w...

Remote sensing refers to a process involving the identification and observation of the topographies of a region by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation from a distance. It involves gathering information about objects or regions from distant objects such as aircrafts, satellites and drones. It is commonly used for gathering information about the Earth's surface from space. Weather forecasting, natural disaster research, land-use mappin...

Sport refers to an athletic activity that involves some level of competition such as basketball or netball. It can also be a significant source of entertainment for the spectators. Such spectator sports attract huge crowds to sport events and reach a wider audience through broadcasting. Organizing a sporting event necessitates logistical planning, extensive preparation, and a detailed knowledge of the sport. A lot of preparation goes into orga...

Food contains nutritional substances that are necessary for the development, upkeep, and repair of body tissues as well as the control of vital processes. Therefore, it is essential to consume safe foods, which can be ensured by practicing food safety. The practice of preparing, handling, and storing food in such a way that minimizes the risk of individuals becoming ill from foodborne illnesses is called food safety. Issues related to food saf...

A wind turbine refers to a type of machine that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy. It converts wind energy into electricity by utilizing the aerodynamic forces, which involve lift and drag. These forces are generated by the rotor blades, which function similar to rotor blade of helicopter or wing of an airplane. Wind turbines are a significant source of intermittent renewable energy, which can help in decreasing the reliance on fo...

Biotechnology is the application of biology to the creation of new products, organisms and methods with the goal of benefiting the society as well as improving human health. It has a wide range of applications most notably in agriculture and medicine. Modern biotechnology offers innovative products and technologies to lessen environmental footprint, use cleaner and less energy, combat debilitating and uncommon diseases, and have cleaner, safer...

A solar collector refers to a type of device that gathers and concentrates solar radiation from the sun. This device is used primarily for solar heating, which enables the heating of water for personal use. These devices are generally a flat box made up of three primary components, including a coolant carrying tube, a transparent cover, and an insulated rear plate. The coating and material type of the solar collector affects the absorption of ...

Sustainable agriculture refers to a type of farming practice that addresses the needs of present and future generations, while ensuring profitability, environmental health, and social and economic equity. It incorporates a wide range of eco-friendly methods of farming that allow the production of crops or livestock without causing any damage to human or natural systems. Some of the common sustainable agriculture practices include multiple crop...

Biotechnology refers to a field of applied science that creates products and processes from living organisms and their derivatives. It entails the understanding of the functioning of living organisms at the molecular level. It draws from several academic fields such as chemistry, biology, physics, and mathematics. Marine biotechnology is the use of bioinformatics, biotechnology, and molecular and cell biology to produce products and processes ...

Healthy plants and trees are critical for sustainable and lucrative crop production as well as for ensuring the supply of fiber, food and fuel for a country. Ensuring plant and tree health involves protecting them from plant pathogens and pests using scientific and regulatory frameworks. Forest pathology refers to the study of diseases of woody plants across tree nurseries, natural forests, urban environments and planted landscapes. It is a br...

Sustainable agriculture is an integrated system of plant production practices that aim to satisfy the present food requirements of the society without compromising the needs of the future generations. It also seeks to make efficient use of non-renewable resources to minimize water use, promote soil health, and minimize pollution levels on the farm. Some of the major sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) and systems that are practiced all o...

Soil contamination, also called soil pollution and land pollution, is a part of land degradation caused by the spillage, burying or migration of hazardous contaminants from local waste, untreated industrial effluents, agrochemicals, manufacturing wastes and other human-made activities or substances into the soil ecosystem. Industrial activity, agricultural chemicals and improper waste disposal are the leading causes of soil contamination. Sedi...

Remote sensing technology encompasses the systems that use digital cameras and remote control systems for obtaining photographs and images from hard-to-access places. It has multiple applications in agriculture, such as obtaining information about crops, soil, and surrounding environment. This technology enables the collection of high-resolution information from agricultural land and assists the farmers and crop scientists in making various de...

Hydraulics refers to the study of fluids in motion or at rest. It is associated with fluid mechanics, which serves as a major theoretical groundwork. Hydraulics is concerned with the mechanical properties of liquids and focuses on the engineering applications of fluid properties. Hydraulic systems use an incompressible fluid such as water or oil to transfer forces from one location to another within the fluid. Hydraulic engineering applies the...

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is refers to the air quality inside and around structures and buildings. It has been shown that IAQ has an impact on the comfort, health and well-being of the building inhabitants. It is measured by collecting samples from building surfaces and air, monitoring the exposure to contaminants, and evaluating airflow within the buildings through computer modeling. IAQ issues are mostly caused due to the indoor pollution sou...

Forest refers to a complex ecological system in which trees dominate other life forms. They are the most diverse ecosystems on land since they contain a huge majority of Earth's terrestrial species including animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms. Coniferous forests, tropical rainforests and deciduous forests are the three main categories of forests. A forest ecosystem is a wide area of land that contains a large number of trees and other w...

The study of genes, genetic variation and heredity in plants is referred to as plant genetics. It is a specialized field of biology and botany. Molecular breeding refers to the application of molecular biology tools in breeding crop plants. It is used for plant improvement in terms of starch composition, grain quality, flower color, leaf color, flower development and plant architecture. The aim of molecular plant breeding is to create, select ...

Animals get their nutrition either directly from plants they eat or indirectly by consuming other animals that have consumed plants. Some of the mechanisms through which nutrition can be obtained are suction feeding, fluid feeding, filter feeding, bulk feeding and deposit feeding. Good animal feeding is essential to ensure the welfare and health of animals, as well as the production of high quality and safe animal-derived products. Appropriate...