There is some indication that 1 second is a natural duration, and I show the duration of 1 second may be tied into Quantum Field Theory because with it the gravitational constant G outside of quantum mechanics is coupled with Planck's constant, h intrinsic to quantum mechanics, and that this predicts the radius of a proton through six-fold symmetry within experimental errors, as well as the hydrocarbons, the skeletons of biological life chemistry. To understand the meaning of a second, and why it might be a natural duration I explore its origins that began with the Sumerians, who mysteriously overnight started civilization in Mesopotamia. The mathematics they used was sexagesimal and this is why the duration of a second is what it is. I show both that this duration in our calendar that comes to us from the Babylonians who used sexagesimal as well, and the Ancient Greeks who did as well, to reconcile the motion of the moon with that of the Earth, is in the orbital dynamics of the earth and moon, and in sexagesimal itself. A constant is established as well from Giordano's relationship that uses molar mass and the Chandrasekhar limit for a star to not collapse and become a white dwarf star, that predicts our six-fold symmetry. In the end we show the diameter of the solar system can be written in astronomical units as the golden ratio over 100 times 360 of a circle and that the radius of a proton is the area of a circle inscribed in an equilateral triangle divided by pi in terms of the metric system. This results in a theory for the periodic table of the elements as a mathematical construct. Also we we predict with proton- seconds the natural relative abundances of the primordial elements hydrogen and helium. We demonstrate a mathematics for abstract cosmology. At the end of the paper we see in an abstract sense that the Earth is a proton traveling around the Sun at the speed of light in a Universe where the universal constant of gravitation is one.