The American Civil War saw a massive development in the use of land and field fortifications. This book, the second in a sequence of four, studies the many forms of land and field fortifications used during the War Between the States. It considers some of the 70 land fortifications erected to defend Washington DC during the first few months of the war. It covers lunettes, advanced redoubts, rifle pits, redan lines, bomb-proof shelters, covered ways, and powder magazines among others. The daily experiences of the soldiers in the trenches are also covered in this detailed and authoritative volume.