Antebellum mainline Protestant ministers are often portrayed as heralds of a national 'faith' in republican progress that reached its high point in the three decades before the Civil War. Mark Hanley argues, however, that the liberal culture that emerged in America between 1830 and 1860 seriously eroded mainstream Protestant confidence in the spiritual yield of republican liberty and faith. Through their 'religious jeremiads, ' the vast body of sermons and sermonic literature that reached inward to the exclusive world of believers rather than outward to the nation at large, troubled ministers responded to the growing distance between their hopes for spiritual community and an emergent liberal culture marked by acquisitive materialism and social and intellectual diversity.