Excerpt from Bleaching, Being a Resumé of the Important Researches on the Industry Published During the Years 1908-1920

Work in textile chemistry is difficult because one is working with bodies of unknown constitution, which are unstable under certain circumstances and difficult to weigh accurately. For instance, on heating the cotton fibre, it only gradually assumes a constant weight, and it is more or less changed by the heating. Thus, at 100° C. The waxes are melted for the first time since their production in the cell, and the proteins are affected. If one tries to work with air-dry fibres, t.e. Without drying them in a stove, the results are generally useless, because the weights are largely affected by the humidity of the atmosphere in which the weighings take place. It is only after very careful and accurately planned work that reliable results can be Obtained. Moreover, experiments should be repeated at least once before conclusions are formed.

Textile materials as they come to the bleacher generally contain other matters than exist in the raw fibre itself. For example, cotton cloth generally contains a large amount Of foreign matter, which has been added during the manufacture. In the sizing Of warp yarns, ¿our, tallow, and other ingredients are used, and, on tearing a piece of cotton cloth, a fine dust is often given Off owing to the presence of these added matters. The raw fibre is seldom bleached, and, further, during the preparation and spinning much of its impurities are removed. Fine yarns contain little or no admixture, and provide the best material for experiment. Conclusions formed from experiments with yarns can be applied to the bleaching of cloth, but some experiments with this material must also be per formed to imitate the conditions in industry as much as possible.

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