Millet and Sorghum are grown as the main staple food crops for millions of people in the rural and urban areas in Sudan. Their production is not enough to fill the food gaps, which widening in intervals. This book is to investigate the farming system, the factors affecting food grain production and to analyze the resource allocation. The cross-sectional data collected from stratified random sample of 192 farmers. Cobb-Douglas production function was employed to estimate the parameters to be used in economic resources efficiency and to test the constant returns to scale for farmers' production. The coefficients parameters in farm income model had expected signs and sizes and statistically significant. The farm size - productivity relationship is constant returns to scale. The elasticity's of explanatory variables were significantly different from unity indicating decreasing returns to scale in the traditional rain-fed production. Policies for future development for grains production in traditional rain-fed will address to the removal of all production constraints facing the farmers.