In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the biological basis, management of symptoms and long-term neurological implications of cognitive dysfunction. Topics discussed in this compilation include the association of cognitive dysfunction with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), chemotherapy-treated cancer patients who experience chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment during or after treatment sessions, alterations observed in glutamatergic/GABAergic circuitry in the brain in MS or CMS animal models that could be underlying in stress induced cognitive dysfunction, Coffin-Lowry syndrome as an X-linked intellectual disability caused by RSK2 protein kinase deficiency, bioeducational science as an emerging field to diagnose cognitive discomfort and specific learning disorders, and the systemic blockade of Cav2.1 mediated NMDA receptor signalling.