In Democracy and Exclusion, Patti Tamara Lenard deploys a contextual methodology to look at how and when democracies exclude both citizens and noncitizens from territory and from membership to determine if and when there are instances when such exclusion is justified. To make her case, Lenard draws on the all-subjected principle, or the idea that all those who are the subject of law-that is, those who are required to abide by the law and who are subject to
coercion if they do not do so voluntarily-should have a say in what the law is. Including several examples of exclusion, Lenard argues that admission to territory and membership is either favored by, or required by, democratic justice.