A surgical process that involves the heart or the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart is called cardiovascular surgery or cardiac surgery. This form of surgery is used for treating complex diseases such as ischemic heart disease, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, etc. There are various types of cardiac surgeries including open-heart surgery, heart transplant, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and minimally invasive surgery. Advancements in cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques have remarkably lowered the mortality rates of these procedures. Neurological damage is one of the major concerns associated with cardiac surgery. Another complication related to cardiopulmonary bypass is postperfusion syndrome. Postoperative pulmonary complications such as pneumonia and atelectasis can be reduced by non-pharmacological approaches. Preventive approaches such as preoperative physical therapy and avoidance of smoking can reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation after an operation. This book will be of immense help as a guiding source for students and surgeons in the sphere of cardiac surgery. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.