This study is principally concerned with military relations between England and Japan and the ambivalence that informed their relationship during the first half of the twentieth century, a subject that has been closely researched by the author for over thirty years. In conclusion, he offers a twenty-first century perspective of times past and times present. Key chapters cover British military and naval observers of the Russo-Japanese War, British estimates of Japanese military power from 1900 to 1914, the British General Staff and Japan in the 1930s, and the Japanese treatment of prisoners of war.