In the late eighteenth century, German-speaking Europe was a patchwork of principalities. Yet by the early twentieth century, unified Germany had become the most powerful state in Europe. This book tells the story of this transformation with eloquence, authority, and wit, weaving together political, social, and cultural history. This is a story about revolution, nationalism, and the growing role of the state. It explores subjects that range from religion to racism, and Mozart to medicine. The result is a powerful and original account of Germany from the eve of the French Revolution to the end of World War I.