International Review of Cytology presents current advances and comprehensive reviews in cell biology both plant and animal. Authored by some of the foremost scientists in the field, each volume provides up-to-date information and directions for future research. Articles in this volume address roles of PACAP-containing retinal ganglion cells in circadian timing, cell polarity in filamenous fungi, cellular and molecular mechanics of gliding locomotion in eukaryotes, current strategies in overcoming resistance of cancer cell and apoptosis, cell and molecular biology of the exosome: how to make of break an RNA, human hair keratin associated proteins (KAPs).