The Communist Party's attitude toward art in this period was, in general, epiphenomenal of its economic policy. A resolution of 1925 voiced the party's refusal to sanction anyone's literary faction. This reflected the New Economic Policy (NEP) of a limited free-market economy. The period of the First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932) saw a more or less voluntary return to a more committed artistic posture, and during the second Five-Year Plan (1932-1936), this commitment was crystallized in the formation of a Writers' Union. The first congress of this union in 1934, featuring speeches by Maxim Gorky and Bukharin, officially adopted socialist realism, as defined primarily by Andrei Zhdanov (1896-1948). Aptly dubbed by Terry Eagleton as "Stalin's cultural thug, " it was Zhdanov whose proscriptive shadow thenceforward fell over Soviet cultural affairs. Although Nikolai Bukharin's speech at the congress had attempted a synthesis of Formalist and sociological attitudes, premised on his assertion that within "the microcosm of the word is embedded the macrocosm of history, " Bukharin was eventually to fall from his position as the leading theoretician of the party: his trial and execution, stemming from his political and economic differences with Stalin, were also symptomatic of the fact that Formalism soon became a sin once more. Bukharin had called for socialist realism to portray not reality "as it is" but rather as it exists in socialist imagination.