This book looks at explanations of the black arts as they existed during early medieval centuries in Western Europe. It objectively examines the historical development of magic and witchcraft and emphasizes the reality of these black arts. Stressing the historiographical significance of the modern literature of the occult, this book provides a solid display of the leading role of rationalism in modern literature. The author employs studies in anthropology and examinations of writings of medieval encyclopedists, code of pagan law, and the Church Fathers from the fourth to the eighth centuries. By remaining objective and employing such historiographical and theological details to his work, Duke creates a high quality and unique study which supports refutations of rationalist historians who see middle-age witchcraft as a delusion. His book will appeal to students and scholars of medieval history, as well as anyone interested in the black arts. Contents: Abbreviations, Acknowledgments, MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT OF CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY, Introduction, The Modern Literature of Witchcraft, The Roman and Christian Background, The Western Fathers and Magic and Witchcraft A.D. 300-450, St. Augustine on Magic and Miracles, Magic, Miracles and the Ecclesiastical Witchcraft, Heirs of the Latin Fathers, Conclusions, Bibliography, Index.