Automatic pathological brain detection is significant for brain disease treatment. Computer aided diagnosis systems can generate diagnosis results based on medical images, which is helpful for the doctors and physicians. In this monograph, we discussed several computer aided diagnosis systems for detecting pathological brain in magnetic resonance images based on computer vision and advanced extreme learning machines. These methods can yield good detection accuracy according to experiments. This monograph is suitable for doctors, physicians, and scholars majoring in computer vision and machine learning.