In Positioning Women in Conflict Studies, Sabrina Karim and Daniel W. Hill, Jr., re-evaluate the literature on gender, international politics, and conflict to reveal that the term "gender equality" is often used to refer to four distinct concepts: women's inclusion, women's rights, harm to women, and beliefs about women's roles. They develop original measures for each of these concepts and examine their impact on inter-state war onset, intra-state conflict onset, state repression/human rights violations, and terrorism. Overall, Karim and Hill demonstrate how the conceptualization and measurement of gender equality and women's status is critical in understanding how to reduce political violence globally.