ShorttitleThis book is an attempt to incorporate a variety of affective and cognitive factors which have been a focus of concern in many of the recent research projects that direct attention to learners'' factors in learning Fl or Sl. Many of these previous studies tackle these factors in separate perspectives rather than integrated ones. However we believe that an integrated or eclectic perspective of the affect - cognitive factors will be more fruitful in tackling learners'' factors because we can not isolate any learner factor of its natural order as all the affective and cognitive factors combine together to result in a successful learning experience. Hence receptivity and defensiveness would be useful terms in developing an integrated study that considers learners'' affective and cognitive factors. This book addresses all those who concern themselves with affective and cognitive factors such as educationalist, linguists, psychologists, physiologists, language students, and all those who are interested in cultural aspects and the wider range of human knowledge and experience.