This is a study of religion, politics, and society in a period of great significance in modern Irish history. The late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries saw the consolidation of the power of the Protestant landed class, the enactment of penal laws against Catholics, andconstitutional conflicts that forced Irish Protestants to redefine their ideas of national identity. Connolly's scholarly and wide-ranging study examines these developments and sets them in their historical context. The Ireland that emerges from his lucid and penetrating analysis was essentially apart of ancien regime Europe: a pre-industrial society in which the dominance of a landed elite depended on maintaining the balance between coercion, deference, and an absence of credible pretenders to power, in which the ties of patronage and clientship were often more important than horizontalbonds of shared economic or social position, and in which religion remained a central part of personal and political motivation.