Explores Scottish and international Christian responses to social problems in urban-industrial societies since 1800 How did Christians perceive and respond to new social problems of distinctly modern societies as they developed in Scotland and other countries during the 19th century? Amid the complexities of industrialisation, urbanisation, expanding global trade networks and nascent democratic politics, what kinds of social policies and initiatives did Christians in Scotland pursue and why? In honour of Stewart J. Brown's 34 years as Professor of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Edinburgh's School of Divinity, new research on one of his main areas of interest is presented in this edited collection from 14 distinguished and emerging scholars in modern religious history. Centred on historical analyses of religious communities in Scotland, the chapters provide comparative lenses with which to view sociological and theological developments in Scotland, through examinations of similar religious phenomena in England, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA. Andrew Kloes is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society and a historian in Washington, DC. Laura M. Mair is the Mary R. S. Creese Lecturer in Modern Scottish History at the University of Aberdeen and an Honorary Fellow of the University of Edinburgh's School of Divinity.